Hydrogen pouring from volcanic sources on planets throughout the universe could improve the chances of locating life in the cosmos, say astronomers.
Planets located great distances from stars freeze over. “On frozen planets, any potential life would be buried under layers of ice, which would make it really hard to spot with telescopes,” says lead author Ramses Ramirez, research associate at Cornell University’s Carl Sagan Institute. “But if the surface is warm enough—thanks to volcanic hydrogen and atmospheric warming—you could have life on the surface, generating a slew of detectable signatures.”
Combining the greenhouse warming effect from hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide on planets sprinkled throughout the cosmos, distant stars could expand their habitable zones by 30 to 60 percent.
“Where we thought you would only find icy wastelands, planets can be nice and warm—as long as volcanoes are in view,” says Lisa Kaltenegger, professor of astronomy and director of the Carl Sagan Institute.
Mars volcano erupted nonstop for 2 billion years
The idea that hydrogen can warm a planet is not new, but an Earth-like planet cannot hold onto its hydrogen for more than a few million years. Unless there are volcanoes.
“We just increased the width of the habitable zone by about half, adding a lot more planets to our ‘search here’ target list.”
“You get a nice big warming effect from volcanic hydrogen, which is sustainable as long as the volcanoes are intense enough,” Ramirez says.
Because it is a very light gas, hydrogen also “puffs up” planetary atmospheres, which will likely help scientists detect signs of life. “Adding hydrogen to the air of an exoplanet is a good thing if you’re an astronomer trying to observe potential life from a telescope or a space mission. It increases your signal, making it easier to spot the makeup of the atmosphere as compared to planets without hydrogen,” Ramirez says.
In our solar system, the habitable zone extends to 1.67 times the Earth-sun distance, just beyond the orbit of Mars. With volcanically sourced hydrogen on planets, this could extend the solar system’s habitable zone reach to 2.4 times the Earth-sun distance—about where the asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter.
The new findings, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, place a lot of planets that scientists previously thought to be too cold to support detectable life back into play.
“We just increased the width of the habitable zone by about half, adding a lot more planets to our ‘search here’ target list,” Ramirez says.
The only ice volcano on Ceres might vanish
Atmospheric biosignatures, such as methane in combination with ozone—indicating life—will likely be detected by the forthcoming, next-generation James Webb Space Telescope, launching in 2018, or the approaching European Extremely Large Telescope, first light in 2024.
Last week, NASA reported finding seven Earth-like planets around the star Trappist-1. “Finding multiple planets in the habitable zone of their host star is a great discovery because it means that there can be even more potentially habitable planets per star than we thought,” Kaltenegger says. “Finding more rocky planets in the habitable zone—per star—increases our odds of finding life.”
With this latest research, the researchers have possibly added to that number by showing that habitats can be found, even those once thought too cold, as long as volcanoes spew enough hydrogen.
Such a volcanic hydrogen habitable zone might just make the Trappist-1 system contain four habitable zone planets, instead of three. “Although uncertainties with the orbit of the outermost Trappist-1 planet ‘h’ means that we’ll have to wait and see on that one,” Kaltenegger says.
The Simons Foundation and the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science funded this research.
Source: Cornell University
