Title IX investigators may not be using the most effective interview techniques, research finds.
Title IX investigations take place in the United States when schools receive complaints of sex-based discrimination. These civil procedures rely on the participation, recall, and evidence provided by complainants (individuals who report experiencing sexual misconduct), respondents (individuals who are alleged to have engaged in sexual misconduct), and witnesses.
The findings are consistent with her experience, says researcher Adrienne Lyles, associate director of Equal Opportunity, senior deputy Title IX coordinator, and associate teaching professor in philosophy at Iowa State University.
“The training is not comprehensive. Many of the programs I attended were offered by for-profit companies and law firms,” Lyles says. “The law firms focused on how to avoid litigation and the for-profit companies were very generic and not evidence- or research-based practice.”
Lyles and coauthor Christian Meissner, a professor of psychology, started working together to address these weaknesses and recommend a set of evidence-based practices for Title IX investigative interviews. Meissner leads an international research team developing interview methods for the FBI, CIA, and other law enforcement agencies to reduce false confessions and effectively gather information. He says the techniques work in any type of investigation.
“The goal of any investigative interview, regardless of who you are interviewing, is to gather a complete and accurate recollection from a subject in a manner that will move an investigation forward,” Meissner says. “These techniques are very effective at providing people an opportunity to tell their story absent any preconceptions or biases on behalf of the investigator.”
About Title IX
The US Congress passed Title IX of Education Amendments in June 1972, and signed it into law on July 1, 1972. It is a federal civil rights law that prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities such as admissions, housing, courses, career guidance, financial aid, health and insurance benefits, and athletics.
Title IX procedures are in place to protect students from discrimination and harassment, Lyles says, and the process and purpose are very different from the criminal justice system. There is a greater focus on education rather than punishment.
To ensure due process and neutrality, she says investigators must be impartial when interviewing the complainant, respondent, and witnesses. Ultimately, investigators must assess the credibility of a complaint and determine if there is a violation of Title IX policy.
Evidence-based techniques
Some of the training programs Lyles and Meissner examined suggest that investigators can determine the veracity of a Title IX complaint by watching the behavior of the respondent during the interview. The researchers say there is no evidence to support the effectiveness of such an approach. They also found no scientific evidence that victims and perpetrators have different neurobiological responses to the same event, as some programs claimed.
Meissner says using evidence-based techniques can help investigators build rapport and trust to elicit as much information as possible and facilitate memory recall. It is important for Title IX investigators to get a complete and detailed account during the initial interview so the individuals involved do not have to tell their story multiple times. By asking the right questions and using evidence strategically, Meissner says they can accomplish those goals.
“By asking open-ended questions, investigators avoid inserting any bias,” Meissner says. “If they have information from social media, video surveillance, and witnesses, they can use that evidence strategically to assess credibility of the subject and verify the information they have collected.”
Best practices for Title IX interviews
In the paper, Meissner and Lyles outline the following recommendations for developing evidence-based interviewing best practices for Title IX investigations:
- Limit bias during the interview: Investigators should utilize interview approaches to limit biased or leading questions and not presume the respondent engaged in misconduct.
- Develop rapport and facilitate cooperation: An empathic, nonjudgmental, and collaborative approach can facilitate conversation and reduce reluctance to cooperate.
- Enhance retrieval of accurate information from memory: Research has consistently shown the value of open-ended questions, followed by relevant probe questions (who, what, when, why).
- Use strategic questions to assess credibility: Asking subjects for verifiable details and using strategic questioning approaches that facilitate memory and reporting can significantly improve assessments of credibility.
Lyles says Iowa State has developed a standard practice guide incorporating science-based investigative interviewing techniques. By sharing this information, she hopes other schools will do the same.
“We’re trying to create some standards for good investigative practice,” Lyles says. “As investigators we are neutral fact-finders. We do not advocate for any party. It is our job to be impartial and unbiased. It is important that the process not advantage or disadvantage any party.”
The findings appear in the Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition.
Source: Iowa State University
