Personal growth and job skills have taken a backseat to an increased focus on standardized tests in schools across the United States, according to new research.
The study, which analyzed the educational goals of principals at thousands of public, private, and charter schools over two decades, found the shift in priorities is most pronounced in public schools.
Researchers can trace the change in educational goals to the rise in test-based school accountability policies in the 1990s, which culminated with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 that mandated statewide testing in the United States, according to the research.
The balanced development of both academic and soft skills is crucial, not only for well-rounded child development in schools, but also for career and life success, says lead researcher Jaekyung Lee, a professor of learning and instruction in the University at Buffalo’s Graduate School of Education.
“Increasing concerns about poor student performance in the United States led states to adopt high-stakes testing policies,” says Lee. “However, working under the constraints of limited resources, complex power dynamics, and externally imposed policies, school principals are often faced with challenges in prioritizing educational goals. Forced to focus narrowly on academic skills measured by state tests, other equally important goals were deprioritized.”
Standardized tests and educational goals
The study is one of few studies to examine the influence of education policies on school principals’ priorities, rather than on student achievement or teacher practices. A school leader’s perception of educational goals guides, directs and motivates the daily operations and performance of school members, says Lee.
Using data from the Schools and Staffing Survey, the researchers compared the national trends of educational goal priorities between public and private schools from 1991-2012.
The surveys asked principals to choose their top three priorities among the following goals: basic literary and numerical skills, academic excellence, personal growth, job skills, work habits and discipline, human relations, moral values, and multicultural awareness.
Academic excellence experienced a significant rise in ranking among public school principals, with 83% choosing it as one of three top priorities in 2012, up from 60% in 1991. The percentage who selected development of basic literacy and numeracy skills also rose, increasing from 76% to 85%.
The shift, however, came at the expense of personal growth (self-esteem and self-awareness), which 62% of public school principals chose in 1991 but only 32% chose in 2012. The importance of job skills also declined, with the percentage of principals rating it as one of three top priorities falling from 13% to 9%.
Private school principals experienced a similar but less drastic shift in priorities. The results, says Lee, reflect the influence of educational policy discourse and media reports on private schools which, unlike public schools, are less exposed to government regulations on curriculum standards.
Well-rounded education
The study’s findings about the NCLB policy impact on narrowing educational goals resonate with Lee’s previous studies, including a recent report published by the Rockefeller Institute of Government that called for renewed education policy actions to improve children’s socioemotional skills and well-being.
“School leaders can and should play an important role in envisioning and realizing educational goals,” says Lee.
“Principals need to develop strategies to accomplish the whole educational mission, encompassing academic, socioemotional, moral, multicultural, and vocational learning to meet the diverse needs of their students as well as the larger society.”
The research appears in Educational Administration Quarterly.
Moosung Lee, professor of education at the University of Canberra in Australia, cowrote the study.
Source: University at Buffalo
