American smokers mistakenly think that using snus, a type of moist snuff smokeless tobacco product, is as dangerous as smoking tobacco, according to a new study.
The study focuses on what smokers think about snus, a Swedish style product that is popular in Scandinavia, but newer to the United States. Snus—a Swedish word for “snuff”—is a moist powder tobacco that can be sold in a loose form or in small prepacked pouches that users place under the top lip for about 30 minutes. It is typically spit free. About seven in 100 men use some form of smokeless tobacco in the United States, a figure the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report is on the rise.
While smokeless tobacco products are addictive, contain cancer-causing chemicals, and have been linked with cardiovascular and certain cancer risks, products such as snus have comparatively fewer health risks when used exclusively—not in tandem with smoking—and may serve as harm-reduction alternatives for smokers unable or unwilling to completely quit tobacco. In Sweden, researchers link snus use to a decrease in tobacco smoking and smoking-related diseases.
For the study, which appears in Addictive Behavior, researchers reviewed how 256 smokers responded to questions about their perceived risk of developing lung cancer, heart disease, and oral cancer from using snus versus cigarettes. More than 75 percent of the participants smoked daily and about 20 percent had tried smokeless tobacco.
The researchers found that smokers fell into three subgroups based on their beliefs. About 45 percent perceived snus as harmful as smoking overall and for all three risks: lung cancer, heart disease, and oral cancer.
About 38 percent perceived that snus poses less risk for lung cancer and heart disease than cigarettes but have the same oral cancer risk as cigarettes. Another 17 percent accurately perceived snus to have lower risks for lung cancer but believed that risks for oral cancer and heart disease were about the same as smoking. Almost 40 percent incorrectly thought snus poses a higher risk of oral cancer than smoking.
“These findings continue to suggest that the public does not understand that combustion escalates the health risks in tobacco products that are smoked, making them more harmful than non-combusted smokeless tobacco on a continuum of risk,” says lead researcher Olivia Wackowski, assistant professor of health behavior, society and policy at Rutgers School of Public Health and a member of the Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey.
“They are also significant given that use of Scandinavian snus has not been clearly associated with oral cancer, unlike smoking, which poses a significant risk for oral cancer.”
Quitting all tobacco remains the best course of action. But smokers who have not had success in quitting or who do not want to quit tobacco entirely may reduce their risks by learning about and switching to a product like snus, Wackowski says.
However, communicating this information remains a challenge, Wackowski says. Smokers need to understand that the reduced risks come from completely switching over from smoking to snus use, and not using both products, she says. Further it’s important that snus information should not unintentionally encourage non-users, especially young people, to start.
Source: Rutgers University
