New research describes the ancient Trans-Saharan Seaway of Africa that existed 50 to 100 million years ago in the region of the current Sahara Desert.
The paper contains the first reconstructions of extinct aquatic species in their habitats and sheds light on the huge climate and sea level changes that can happen on Earth.
The region now holding the Sahara Desert was once underwater, in striking contrast to the present-day arid environment. This dramatic difference in climate over time is recorded in the rock and fossil record of West Africa during a time range that extends through the Cretaceous-Paleogene (KPg) boundary. West Africa was bisected by a shallow saltwater body that poured onto continental crust during a time of high global sea level.
The paper involves an assessment and continued analysis of three expeditions (1999, 2003, and 2008) within rock exposures in the Sahara Desert in Mali, and subsequently, the laboratory work of the fossil finds in the region.
From seaway to the Sahara desert
“Fossils found on the expeditions indicate that the sea supported some of the largest sea snakes and catfish that ever lived, extinct fishes that were giants compared to their modern-day relatives, mollusk-crushing fishes, tropical invertebrates, long-snouted crocodilians, early mammals, and mangrove forests,” explains Maureen O’Leary, a professor of anatomical sciences at the Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University who is also a research associate in the Division of Paleontology of the American Museum of Natural History.
“Because the seaway changed in size and geography frequently, we propose that it may have resulted in ‘islands of water’ that stimulated species gigantism.”
The paper contains the first reconstructions of ancient relatives of elephants and large apex predators such as sharks, crocodilians, and sea snakes.
“With our analysis and new technologies, such as a computer-aided map of the seaway, our work is an important step toward increasing our understanding of the KPg boundary event, the time of non-avian dinosaur extinction,” says O’Leary.
Dramatic climate change
O’Leary and colleagues point out that the paper places in context climate and sea level changes that can occur on Earth.
For example, scientists currently predict that global warming will result in the sea rising two meters by the end of the 21st century. The study describes how, in the Late Cretaceous, the time under study, sea level rise far exceeded that which is predicted by human-induced climate change. In the Late Cretaceous sea level was 300 meters (almost 1,000 feet) higher than present—40 percent of current land was underwater, which is very different from today. This information underscores the dynamic nature of Earth.
O’Leary explains that scientists do not have detailed stratigraphic terrestrial/nearshore sections with fossils on every continent to examine exactly how the KPg boundary unfolded globally. There is only one good nearshore or terrestrial section with vertebrate fossils in the western United States. The expeditions in Mali, she adds, created a new section, which is imperfect, missing some of the earliest Paleogene yet contributes to a better understanding of global events 50 to 100 million years ago.
The expeditions spanned 20 years for excavation of the fossils and conducting the research.
“Few paleontologists had worked the region, given its remoteness and scorching 125 degree F temperatures. The shifting sand dunes made it difficult to find rocky outcrops, and worse still, a flash rain storm flooded the roadways making navigation nearly impossible,” says coauthor Leif Tapanila, professor geosciences at Idaho State University.
“These expeditions could not have succeeded without the experience of local Malian drivers and guides, and I was amazed by the quality and diversity of marine fossils we found in the Sahara Desert.”
The paper will appear in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.
The National Science Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the LSB Leakey Foundation, the American Museum of Natural History, and Idaho State University funded the research.
Source: Stony Brook University
