North Atlantic right whales now number fewer than 500. If things don’t change, the highly-endangered species could face extinction in less than 30 years, according to a new study.
Making matters worse, climate-mediated shifts are pushing their prey out of the whales’ usual feeding grounds, rendering traditional habitat-focused protection policies less than optimal.
This reality was starkly apparent in the summer of 2017, when 17 right whales turned up dead in US-Canadian waters—a mass mortality event attributed in large part to gear entanglement and ship strikes. The event also revealed that the whales had gone beyond their typical distributional boundaries.
When prey is scarce, adult females don’t have enough energy to reproduce successfully.
In the new study, which appears in Oceanography, researchers found “only five calves were born in 2017 and no newborn calves have been sighted thus far in 2018.”
“What we have seen with prey limitation is that whales will search outside of their traditional feeding grounds, looking for denser aggregations of zooplankton,” says Erin Meyer-Gutbrod, an ecologist with the Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who studies the effects of environmental change on right whale populations.
Due to the northward movement of their food from their usual Gulf of Maine feeding grounds to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canadian waters, the whales, too, are shifting away from their usual habitats and into unprotected regions.
The combination of food scarcity in their usual habitat and lack of protection in their adopted feeding grounds, calls for advanced policy planning that essentially follows these whales as they stake out new territory, the researchers say.
“Prey limitation is not typically so severe that right whales starve to death,” Meyer-Gutbrod says. However, when prey is scarce, adult females don’t have enough energy to reproduce successfully, she explains.
In addition, when the whales move from their typical protected waters into heavily-trafficked and unprotected areas, they encounter a minefield of obstacles, from commercial shipping vessels to crab and lobster fishing gear.
No new babies for North Atlantic right whales?
If policymakers respond rapidly and conservationists use advanced strategies to mitigate the risk to the whales as their distribution shifts, however, it may not be too late to save them, researchers say.
Such “impressive” response went into play during the Gulf of St. Lawrence crisis, with emergency measures that included a multi-platform search for the whales, mandatory speed limits, and crab fishery closures.
In addition to those measures, which are now part of a 2018 protection plan announced by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the researchers recommend a “robust and sustainable program” for monitoring the whales and reinstitution of a prey monitoring system called the Continuous Plankton Recorder program.
Additionally, they recommend ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of new and existing policies and the potential expansion of critical habitats into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Online maps track where whales and dolphins go
North Atlantic right whales are the current target of these proposed enhanced protections, but likely are not the only species that will require such measures, Meyer-Gutbrod says.
“A massive poleward redistribution of targeted fish stocks is impending,” she says. “Fishing pressure will probably grow rapidly at the leading edge of the range shift, but pressure may also increase near the trailing edge when more effort is required to catch the same number of fish. This puts shifting stocks at risk of being overfished.”
Researchers from Cornell University and Dalhousie University are coauthors of the paper.
Source UC Santa Barbara
