Perfectionism may drive some “helicopter” parenting, research finds.
The negative effects of helicopter parenting on young adults are well-documented, but less is known about what leads some people to engage in over-parenting in the first place.
So-called helicopter parents engage in what’s known as over-parenting—hovering over their young adult children and taking care of tasks that the children should be able to do themselves, such as cooking, cleaning, or paying bills.
“Over-parenting is when you apply what we call developmentally inappropriate parenting or guidance structure for the child,” says University of Arizona researcher Chris Segrin, who studies the parenting style.
“By developmentally inappropriate, we mean we’re providing to the child that which the child could easily do him or herself. People who engage in over-parenting are not adjusting their parenting and letting the child have greater autonomy; they still want to control all the child’s outcomes.”
Researchers have found that over-parenting can lead to psychological distress, narcissism, poor adjustment, alcohol and drug use, and a host of other behavioral problems in emerging adults ages 18 to 25. And yet, they know far less about why certain people become helicopter parents in the first place.
In a new study, Segrin and coauthors Tricia Burke of Texas State University and Trevor Kauer of the University of Nebraska find that perfectionism might be one driver of over-parenting.
“Perfectionism is a psychological trait of wanting to be prefect, wanting success, wanting to have positive accolades that you can point to,” says Segrin, professor and head of the communication department in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Perfectionist parents may see their children’s success as a reflection on them, Segrin says, and they may engage in over-parenting in an effort to achieve “perfect” results.
“They want to live vicariously through their children’s achievements. They want to see their children achieve because it makes them look good,” he says. “I’m not saying they don’t care about their children; of course they do. But they measure their self-worth by the success of their children. That’s the yardstick that they use to measure their own success as a parent.”
Perfectionism and parenting style
Segrin and his collaborators conducted two studies looking at the link between perfectionism and over-parenting, the results of which appear together in the journal Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice.
Anxious parenting is “one of the ingredients in the over-parenting stew.”
In the first study, 302 parents of young adults were asked to rate a series of statements designed to measure their levels of engagement in over-parenting and their levels of perfectionism. In the second, the researchers surveyed 290 parent-young adult pairs. The young adults responded to statements designed to measure their perception of their parent’s parenting style.
The findings from both studies confirm that perfectionism is indeed associated with helicopter parenting.
It’s important to understand what motivates over-parenting in order to determine how to intervene in the potentially harmful behavior, Segrin says. “All the research thus far on helicopter parenting, or over-parenting, has focused on what are the outcomes for the children who are the recipients of over-parenting, and no one has been looking at who does this in the first place,” he says. “We think knowing more about the motivations of the parents has important implications for understanding what happens to the children.”
Self-esteem and anxiety
Although he doesn’t specifically address it in the study, Segrin suspects that middle-aged moms and dads who grew up in the “self-esteem era” of the 1970s and 1980s might be especially prone to perfectionism that can lead to over-parenting. In that era, children’s bad behavior was often blamed on low self-esteem, and the remedy for low self-esteem was lots of praise, Segrin says.
“So, like a moth to the flame, these young adults draw us right to the parent who delivers the most over-parenting…”
“We started giving kids trophies at the end of the season just for being on the team, not because they actually achieved anything,” he says. “Fast-forward 35, 40 years and these people are now adults who have children who are entering into adulthood. They were raised in a culture of ‘you’re special, you’re great, you’re perfect,’ and that fuels perfectionistic drives. ‘If I really am special, if I really am great, then my kids better be special and great, too, or it means I’m not a good parent.'”
Perfectionism isn’t the only characteristic that can lead to over-parenting. Previous research by Segrin indicated a link between over-parenting and its close cousin: anxious parenting.
Anxious parents tend to worry a lot and ruminate on bad things that could happen to their child, so they parent with risk aversion in mind, Segrin says. His previous work showed that parents who have many regrets in their own lives may engage in this type of parenting as they try to prevent their children from repeating similar mistakes.
Just because someone engages in anxious parenting doesn’t mean they engage in over-parenting, but anxious parenting is “one of the ingredients in the over-parenting stew,” Segrin says, adding that anxious parenting can sometimes lead to over-parenting.
More moms than dads are helicopter parents
The parents in the study were mostly moms, and there’s an explanation for that, Segrin says.
“When we recruit young people into the study and ask them to get a parent to also fill out the survey for us, we let them pick the parent, with the understanding that they will naturally lead us to the helicopter parent among their parents,” Segrin says. “The one who’s super involved in the child’s life is, of course, going to want to participate in the research project with their child. So, like a moth to the flame, these young adults draw us right to the parent who delivers the most over-parenting, and we’re finding that it is the mothers, usually.”
That’s not to say that dads can’t be helicopter parents. They certainly can and in some cases are, Segrin says, but it seems to be less common.
“We know that in our culture, for better or worse, women end up getting strapped with child-rearing responsibilities to a much greater extent than men, so it stands to reason that as the child matures and gets older, the mother sort of stays on board with that job,” he says.
Segrin hopes his research illuminates the hazards of helicopter parenting, not only for the young adults on the receiving end, but also for the parents themselves.
For perfectionism-driven helicopter parents to change their ways, they first need to recognize their own value, independent of their children, Segrin says.
“I sometimes see, especially in mothers, that they define their whole universe as ‘mother’—not spouse, not wife, not worker, not hobbyist but ‘mother.’ I think those blurred boundaries between parent and child can be harmful to the psychological landscape of the parent,” Segrin says. “We need the parents to realize they have some element of their own life—whether it’s their career, their personal relationships, their hobbies—that’s independent of their role as a parent, so they don’t get caught up in this trap of wanting to just keep parenting their children until they’re 40 years old.”
Avoiding that trap is also important for the well-being of emerging adults, as a growing body of research shows.
“Parents need to learn to accept their children’s own goals and give them the chance to explore,” Segrin says. “Young adults need the room to go out and explore and find their own life and their own ambitions.”
Source: University of Arizona
