Many surgeons write prescriptions for opioid pain medications four times larger than what their patients will actually use after common operations, according to new research.
And the size of that prescription may be the biggest determining factor in how many pills they actually take, outweighing pain scores, intensity of the operation, and personal factors, the study suggests.
The study, which appears in JAMA Surgery, highlights the importance of using real-world information about surgical patient opioid use to guide prescribing. It also points to a need to provide options for surgical patients to dispose of unused opioids safely, so that the pills aren’t misused or lead to a poisoning or overdose.
Researchers used in-depth data from 2,392 patients who had one of 12 different common operations at 33 Michigan hospitals. On average, patients took only 27 percent of all opioids prescribed to them. But for every 10 additional pills prescribed, patients took five of them.
Anchoring and adjustment
Researchers used data from patients who had their operations in 2017, at hospitals that participate in the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative, a statewide effort to improve surgical care based on shared data and analysis.
The study focuses on a time period after broad public awareness of the opioid epidemic, but before the launch of surgical opioid prescribing recommendations developed at the University of Michigan that now guide surgical prescribing at all MSQC hospitals.
“…if they get 60 pain pills, they think they have to take many of them.”
“It’s striking to see the major discrepancy between prescribed amount and the amount patients actually take,” says senior author Joceline Vu, a surgical resident and research fellow at Michigan Medicine. “This is not a phenomenon of a few outlier surgeons—it was seen across the state, and across many operations.”
“In what we tell patients about what kind of pain to expect after surgery, and how many pills we give, we set their expectations—and what the patient expects plays a huge role in their post-operative pain experience. So if they get 60 pain pills, they think they have to take many of them,” says first author Ryan Howard, a surgical resident.
Psychology research has dubbed this the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, where the baseline data someone receives—the size of a plate of food, for instance—makes a difference in how much they consume, the researchers note.
MSQC provided a natural laboratory to study surgical opioid prescribing and use. In addition to tracking prescription information, MSQC worked with hospital staff to start a program of calling patients one month and three months after their operations, to ask them about their pain medication use, level of pain, and other topics.
How many pills?
The median number of pills patients received was 30—but the median number used was nine. The number of pills a patient received was the strongest predictive factor of the number they used.
The next strongest was the patient’s self-reported memory of whether they had no pain, moderate pain, or severe pain in their first week after surgery: those who said they had severe pain took 16 more opioid pills than those with no pain.
Tobacco users tended to use more opioids after surgery, while the older a patient was, the fewer opioid pills they tended to take. Not surprisingly, those who had outpatient surgery took fewer opioids, but those who went into their operation with worse underlying health (as measured by the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system) used more.
The researchers also compared patients’ opioid across different surgical procedures. Patients who had a hernia repaired—whether through open surgery or minimally invasively—used the most opioids among the 12 operations studied. Patients who had their appendix or thyroid taken out took the least.
The researchers did not have information on mental health diagnoses that the patients might have had, specifically depression and substance use disorders, which other research has shown to be associated with higher rates of prolonged opioid use after surgery.
They also didn’t have information on each patient’s prior prescriptions for opioids, or use of opioids before surgery. The team has previously shown that those who go into surgery already taking prescription opioids have worse outcomes and a higher likelihood of going on to prolonged use of opioids long after surgical pain should have diminished.
Other research has suggested that the more opioid medication a patient is prescribed for surgical or non-surgical pain, the higher their risk of developing an addiction to opioids or overdosing, Howard says. Other research has shown that many people addicted to opioids of any kind began their opioid use with pills prescribed to them, or taken from others around them.
“We hope that by shining a spotlight on the difference between prescription size and actual use, we can empower surgeons to change their prescribing habits, and be a better steward to both their patient and the broader community.”
The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health, including the National Institute on Drug Abuse, funded the work.
Source: University of Michigan
