USC (US) — Older women in China are much more likely to be in poor health and live in poverty than men are, according to a survey of general living conditions among the most rapidly aging population in the world.
The survey of 17,708 people over the age of 45 from both urban and rural areas, from a nationally representative sample of China except Tibet, found stark gender differences in how men and women age.
The report combines socioeconomic data, such as on employment, education, and consumption, with self-reported and actual measures of physical and psychological health, including blood pressure and cognitive decline.
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People in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) will be followed-up with every two years, allowing researchers to track whether these gender differences remain the same or change in the next decade as China continues develop.
Adult women fared worse than men both in self-reported measures and actual health. Most strikingly, women were much more likely to have higher levels of depressive symptoms, with more than 47 percent of elderly women 60 and older and 32 percent of elderly men reporting higher levels of depressive symptoms, such as restless sleep or feelings of fear.
Overall, 40 percent of the Chinese population aged 60 and older—or 74 million people—reported higher levels of depressive symptoms.
Elderly women, defined in this report as those 60 and older, also fared much worse than men in other health measures, including:
- More than 27 percent of elderly women reported needing help with basic daily activities, compared to 20 percent of older men.
- Older women were much more likely to report pain: 39 percent of elderly women reported body pain, compared to 28 percent of men.
- About 24 percent of men age 60 and older are overweight, compared to 32 percent of elderly women.
- Hypertension affected 59 percent of elderly women and 49 percent of elderly men. Overall, comparing self-reported data on doctor diagnoses to real blood pressure measurements taken by the survey team reveals that hypertension is underdiagnosed by at least 40 percent in China—meaning nearly 40 million adults in China have hypertension and don’t know it.
- A gender gap exists in cognitive decline among older people, which has important implications for social relations, victimization, psychological distress and longevity of working life. In a test of word memory, men aged 60 and older were able to remember 3.09 words out of ten, on average, compared to only 2.73 words for women.
- Across the lifespan, women were also much less likely than men to be in the workforce, with a significant gender gap in the dropoff as we age. In the 50-54 age range, 75 percent of men work, compared to less than 45 percent of women.
- Older women were much more likely than men to live in poverty by Chinese standards. Twenty-four percent of women aged 60 and over had per capita consumption levels that put them below the government’s new poverty line, compared to 21.8 percent of men. Overall, 22.9 percent of Chinese people over the age of 60 — 42.4 million elderly people — live below the poverty line.
Education’s role
Health findings correlate strongly to education, and the survey also found that older women are much more likely to have no schooling than men. Among adult women aged 45 and older, a full 39 percent have no schooling, compared to just 11.8 percent of men.
“Women for a variety of reasons generally report worse health than men, even though adult mortality is lower among women. In addition, the biomarkers are generally worse for women than men. That’s borne out here and not specific to China,” says John Strauss, professor of economics at the University of Southern California and principal investigator of the study.
“The fact that women are consistently worse off than men across multiple dimensions of well-being is a striking finding of the CHARLS survey that definitely merits further investigation.
“While it is true that elderly women in many countries are in poorer health than men, some of the gender gaps we find in China are quite large, such as those for depressive symptoms and cognitive function,” says Albert Park of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a principal author of the report.
“Some of these differences may be associated with the much higher rate of illiteracy among elderly women in China, which is known to lead to poorer health and lower socioeconomic status. But the high incidence of depressive symptoms and suicides among women in China suggest that other social factors may be important as well.”
Prohibitive health care costs
In recent years, responding to a rapidly aging population, the Chinese government has made significant strides in strengthening its social safety net programs for older adults, including expanding public pension and health insurance.
But the survey found that in this rapidly developing country, family support still plays a significant role in the well-being of the elderly, and out-of-pocket costs for medical treatment remains very high.
Under the most common health insurance program, the rural-based New Cooperative Medical Insurance program, Chinese adults aged 45 and older who went for inpatient care spent 39.7 percent of their total yearly expenditure on such care, at the median. More than one-in-three adults who had inpatient care spent more than 50 percent of their per capita expenditure on this medical care.
While only 37.8 percent of the elderly 60 and older live with adult children, the vast majority of elderly have at least one child living in the same city or county, if not in the same immediate neighborhood. Just less than half of elderly (46.9 percent) received financial assistance from adult children with whom they do not live, mirroring the direction of giving in most developing countries where due to rapid growth younger people earn more than their parents.
Only 19 percent of elderly gave financial assistance to children with whom they do not live, the more common pattern in Western countries such as the United States.
The second wave of data collection for CHARLS goes into the field this summer.
Researchers from Peking University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology contributed to the study, which was supported by the National Institute of Aging, the China Natural Science Foundation, the World Bank, and Peking University.
Source: USC
