Male chimpanzees that build strong bonds with the alpha male of the group, or with a large network of other males, are more successful at fathering offspring, a new study shows.
The findings in the journal iScience stem from an examination of why male chimpanzees form close relationships with each other.
“One big question that biologists have had for a long time is why you see so many friendly behaviors such as cooperation and alliance in animals,” says lead author Joseph Feldblum, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Michigan.
“One would expect to see these social bonds—or strong, friendly social relationships—only if they provide some sort of fitness benefit to the individuals. Males wouldn’t spend all this time grooming other males and forgoing trying to find females or food unless you get some kind of benefit from it.”
Cooperation benefits male chimps
One benefit would be the opportunity to sire more offspring, but no previous studies have looked at the link between social relationships and reproductive success in chimpanzees.
Much of the research in this area has been done in female primates, who are primarily concerned with accessing resources in order to reproduce quickly. For males, the biggest task is getting reproductive access to females, says Feldblum, also an assistant professor in the anthropology department.
“Chimps cooperate frequently, and often in these very dramatic ways: You see things like grooming, all kinds of complex alliance formation, and group territorial defense,” Feldblum says. “The question is: What do males get out of it and how?”
It turns out, they get babies.
One function of these social bonds, the researchers found, is to help male chimps gain access to mating opportunities they wouldn’t otherwise be able to get without help from their friends. To examine the link between sociality and paternity success, the researchers examined behavioral and genetic data from a population of chimpanzees living in western Tanzania. The group is part of the ongoing study of chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, begun by Jane Goodall in 1960.
The researchers began by constructing a base model that captures the effects of male age, dominance rank, and genetic relatedness to the mother on male siring success. They first used the model to look at 56 siring events with known paternity between 1980 and 2014. Then, they tested whether adding measures of male social bonds to the models improved their ability to predict which male would sire a given offspring.
They found that males with more strong association ties—males with the highest number of social bonds with other males—had a higher likelihood of siring offspring. In fact, two additional strong association ties meant a male chimpanzee was more than 50% more likely to sire a given offspring, after accounting for the chimp’s age, relation to the mother, and dominance rank score.
‘Sucking up’ always pays off
Next, the researchers wanted to understand how a chimp’s relationship to the alpha male underpinned male reproductive success. To do this, they examined the role of strong bonds with the alpha male, looking at 45 siring events by non-alpha males. They generated the same base model, this time comparing the model with models that included several measures of bond strength with the alpha male, among other measures.
The model that fit best included what is called the composite sociality index, which includes grooming and association with the alpha male. It showed that subordinate males with strong bonds with the alpha male, as well as those with many strong association ties, were more likely to sire a given offspring.
“Sucking up to the boss is nothing new,” says coauthor Anne Pusey, professor emerita at Duke University. “We show that it’s always paid off.”
But the researchers also found that two factors—a strong bond with the alpha male and many strong association ties—both independently contributed to reproductive success.
In animal behavior, coalition formation is when two or more individuals jointly direct aggression toward a third or another group of individuals. According to previous research, individuals that are more central in the network of coalitions tend to rise in rank and sire more offspring.
Evolution of human friendship
In the current work, the researchers showed that males who form stronger ties are also more likely to form coalitions. The researchers hypothesize that this larger alliance network helps males gain mating opportunities. They also found that forming these many strong bonds leads to chimps’ improvement in rank within the group; those that made it to the alpha position were also more likely to sire offspring.
A clearer idea of the benefits of social relationships in chimpanzees provides clues about the evolution of friendship in humans.
“Together with bonobos, chimpanzees are our closest living relatives, and help us to identify which features of human social life are unique. This study suggests that strong bonds among males have deep evolutionary roots and provided the foundation for the more complex relationships that we see in humans,” says senior author Ian Gilby, associate professor at the School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University.
“This research also highlights the value of long-term studies like these, which are essential for understanding the biology of a species that lives for many decades and is slow to reproduce.”
Feldblum says more research is needed to tease out how coalition formations and these social bonds lead to siring success.
“Is it that if your ally is nearby, you’re more likely to mate with an estrus female, or does having your allies around you protect you from harassment from other males?” Feldblum says. “Or because your ally will support you if a conflict erupts, your stress levels are lower and you can devote more energy to mating efforts? This last step we still don’t know.”
Additional coauthors are from Duke University, Johns Hopkins University, and Durham University in the United Kingdom.
Source: University of Michigan
