Watching television for more than a couple of hours a day is linked to lower school readiness skills in kindergartners, particularly among children from low-income families.
The findings reinforce the need for limits on screen time, such as those laid out by the American Academy of Pediatrics, which in 2001 recommended that children over the age of two watch no more than two hours of television per day. These guidelines, updated in October 2016, now recommend that children between two and five watch no more than one hour of television.
“Given that studies have reported that children often watch more than the recommended amount, and the current prevalence of technology such as smartphones and tablets, engaging in screen time may be more frequent now than ever before,” says lead author Andrew Ribner, a doctoral candidate in the applied psychology department at New York University.
Results by family income
Studies have shown that watching television is negatively associated with early academic skills, but little is known about how socioeconomic status influences television viewing and child development. In the current study, published in the Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, researchers examined whether the negative relationship between watching television and school readiness varied by family income.
Too much TV: Obesity isn’t the only health risk
Researchers looked at data from 807 kindergartners of diverse backgrounds. Their parents reported family income, as well as the number of hours of television their children watch on a daily basis. They didn’t include video game, tablet, and smartphone use in the measurement.
Children were assessed using measures of math, knowledge of letters and words, and executive function—key cognitive and social-emotional competencies, including working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control, that are viewed as fundamental for school readiness.
The findings show that the number of hours of television young children watch is related to decreases in their school readiness, particularly their math skills and executive function. This association was strongest when children watched more than two hours of television.
As family incomes decreased, the link between television watching and drops in school readiness grew, meaning children from low-income families are hurt more by watching too much television. Those at or near the poverty line (an annual income of around $21,200 for a family of four) saw the largest drop in school readiness when children watched more than two hours of television.
Low-income kindergartners close the ‘readiness gap’
A more modest drop was observed among middle-income families (measured as $74,200 per year for a family of four), while there was no link between school readiness and television viewing in high-income homes (measured as around $127,000 per year for a family of four).
Math vs. literacy
Interestingly, while television viewing was negatively associated with math skills and executive function, a similar link was not found with letter and word knowledge. The researchers speculate that television programming, especially educational programs for children, may work to improve literacy among young children in ways that are not found in math.
While the study did not measure the type of content the children watched, nor the context of their television viewing, the researchers note that both may be relevant to their findings, particularly in understanding why more affluent families appeared to be protected from the decline in school readiness linked to too much television.
For instance, children in higher-income homes may be watching more educational programming and less entertainment, which has been found in earlier studies. In addition, more affluent parents may be more likely to watch television with their children—offering explanation and discussion that can promote understanding—based on having more time and resources.
“Our results suggest that the circumstances that surround child screen time can influence its detrimental effects on learning outcomes,” says Caroline Fitzpatrick of Canada’s Université Sainte-Anne, who is also an affiliate researcher at Concordia University and a coauthor of the study.
The researchers recommend that efforts be made by pediatricians and child care centers to reinforce the AAP guidelines and help parents limit the amount of television children watch to fewer than two hours a day.
Source: NYU
