Researchers have discovered a new planet they describe as a “hot Saturn.”
Astronomers who study stars are providing a valuable assist to the planet-hunting astronomers pursuing the primary objective of NASA’s new TESS Mission.
TESS—the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite—launched from Florida’s Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on April 18, 2018. The spacecraft’s primary mission is to find exoplanets, planets beyond our solar system.
The spacecraft’s four cameras are taking nearly month-long looks at 26 vertical strips of the sky—first over the southern hemisphere and then over the northern. After two years, TESS will have scanned 85 percent of the sky.
Asteroseismologists—stellar astronomers who study seismic waves (or “starquakes”) in stars that appear as changes in brightness—often provide critical information for finding the properties of newly discovered planets. This teamwork enabled the discovery and characterization of the first planet TESS has identified for which astronomers can measure the oscillations of its host star. The planet is known as TOI 197.01, which is short for “TESS Object of Interest.”
In their new paper, which will appear in the Astronomical Journal, the researchers describe the planet as a “hot Saturn” because it’s about the same size as Saturn and also very close to its star, completing an orbit in just 14 days, and therefore very hot.
“This is the first bucketful of water from the firehose of data we’re getting from TESS,” says coauthor Steve Kawaler, a professor of physics and astronomy at Iowa State University.
Astronomers (and their computers) sort through the images TESS provides, looking for transits, the tiny dips in a star’s light that an orbiting planet passing in front of it causes. NASA’s Kepler Mission—a predecessor to TESS—looked for planets in the same way, but scanned a narrow slice of the Milky Way galaxy and focused on distant stars.
TESS is targeting bright, nearby stars, allowing astronomers to follow up on its discoveries using other space and ground observations to further study and characterize stars and planets. In another recent paper in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, astronomers from the TESS Asteroseismic Science Consortium (TASC) identified a target list of sun-like oscillating stars (many that are similar to our future sun) to study using TESS data—a list featuring 25,000 stars.
Kawaler—who witnessed the launch of Kepler in 2009, and was in Florida for the launch of TESS (but a last-minute delay meant he had to miss liftoff to return to Ames to teach)—is on the seven-member TASC Board.
TASC astronomers use asteroseismic modeling to determine a host star’s radius, mass, and age. They can combine that data with other observations and measurements to determine the properties of orbiting planets.
In the case of host star TOI-197, the asteroseismolgists used its oscillations to determine it’s about 5 billion years old and is a little heavier and larger than the sun. They also determined that planet TOI-197.01 is a gas planet with a radius about nine times the Earth’s, making it roughly the size of Saturn. It’s also 1/13th the density of Earth and about 60 times the mass of Earth.
Those findings say a lot about the TESS work ahead: “TOI-197 provides a first glimpse at the strong potential of TESS to characterize exoplanets using asteroseismology,” the astronomers write in their paper.
Kawaler is expecting that the flood of data coming from TESS will also contain some scientific surprises.
“The thing that’s exciting is that TESS is the only game in town for a while and the data are so good that we’re planning to try to do science we hadn’t thought about,” Kawaler says. “Maybe we can also look at the very faint stars—the white dwarfs—that are my first love and represent the future of our sun and solar system.”
Additional coauthors came from the University of Hawaii at Manoa’s Institute for Astronomy and Iowa State University.
Source: Iowa State University
