A new study looks at how honey bees manage to stay clean while pollinating plants.
According to the study, a honey bee can carry up to 30 percent of its body weight in pollen because of the strategic spacing of its nearly three million hairs. The hairs cover the insect’s eyes and entire body in various densities that allow efficient cleaning and transport.
The Georgia Tech researchers found that the gap between each eye hair is approximately the same size as a grain of dandelion pollen, which bees typically collect. This keeps the pollen suspended above the eye and allows the forelegs to comb through and collect the particles.
The legs are much hairier and the hair is very densely packed—five times denser than the hair on the eyes. This helps the legs collect as much pollen as possible with each swipe. Once the forelegs are sufficiently scrubbed and cleaned by the other legs and the mouth, they return to the eyes and continue the process until the eyes are free of pollen.
The team tethered bees and used high speed cameras to create the first quantified study of the honey bee cleaning process. They watched as the insects were able to remove up to 15,000 particles from their bodies in three minutes.
“Without these hairs and their specialized spacing, it would be almost impossible for a honey bee to stay clean,” says Guillermo Amador, who led the study while pursuing his doctoral degree in mechanical engineering.
This was evident when Amador and the team created a robotic honey bee leg to swipe pollen-covered eyes. When they covered the leg with wax, the smooth, hairless leg gathered four times less pollen.
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The high-speed videos also revealed something else.
“Bees have a preprogrammed cleaning routine that doesn’t vary,” says Marguerite Matherne, a PhD student in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. “Even if they’re not very dirty in the first place, bees always swipe their eyes a dozen times, six times per leg. The first swipe is the most efficient, and they never have to brush the same area of the eye twice.”
The research also found that pollenkitt, the sticky, viscous fluid found on the surface of pollen grains, is essential. When the fluid was removed from pollen during experiments, bees accumulated half as much.
“If we can start learning from natural pollinators, maybe we can create artificial pollinators to take stress off of bees,” says David Hu, a professor in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. “Our findings may also be used to create mechanical designs that help keep micro and nanostructured surfaces clean.”
The study appears in the journal Bioinspiration and Biomimetics.
Partial support came from the National Science Foundation.
Source: Georgia Tech
