Scientists have discovered a new way to create gold nanoparticles and nanowires using water droplets.
The experiment wasn’t designed to turn up anything of note but instead produced a “bewildering” surprise, they say.
The technique is the latest discovery in the field of on-droplet chemistry and could lead to more environmentally friendly ways to produce nanoparticles of gold and other metals, says Richard Zare, professor of natural science at Stanford University and a co-founder of Stanford Bio-X.
“Being able to do reactions in water means you don’t have to worry about contamination. It’s green chemistry.”
Chemical aloofness
Gold is known as a noble metal because it is relatively unreactive. Unlike base metals such as nickel and copper, gold is resistant to corrosion and oxidation, which is one reason it is such a popular metal for jewelry.
How large is a microdroplet? “It is like squeezing a perfume bottle and out spritzes a mist of microdroplets.”
Around the mid-1980s, however, scientists discovered that gold’s chemical aloofness only manifests at large, or macroscopic, scales. At the nanometer scale, gold particles are very chemically reactive and make excellent catalysts. Today, gold nanostructures have found a role in a wide variety of applications, including bio-imaging, drug delivery, toxic gas detection, and biosensors.
Until now, however, the only reliable way to make gold nanoparticles was to combine the gold precursor chloroauric acid with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride.
The reaction transfers electrons from the reducing agent to the chloroauric acid, liberating gold atoms in the process. Depending on how the gold atoms then clump together, they can form nanosize beads, wires, rods, prisms, and more.
Gold spritz
Recently, Zare and colleagues wondered whether this gold-producing reaction would proceed any differently with tiny, micron-size droplets of chloroauric acid and sodium borohydide.
How large is a microdroplet? “It is like squeezing a perfume bottle and out spritzes a mist of microdroplets,” Zare says.
From previous experiments, scientists knew that some chemical reactions proceed much faster in microdroplets than in larger solution volumes.
Indeed, gold nanoparticle grew over 100,000 times faster in microdroplets. However, the most striking observation came while running a control experiment in which they replaced the reducing agent—which ordinarily releases the gold particles—with microdroplets of water.
“Much to our bewilderment, we found that gold nanostructures could be made without any added reducing agents,” says research associate Jae Kyoo Lee, first author of the paper in Nature Communications.
Viewed under an electron microscope, the gold nanoparticles and nanowires appear fused together like berry clusters on a branch.
The surprise finding means that pure water microdroplets can serve as microreactors for the production of gold nanostructures.
“This is yet more evidence that reactions in water droplets can be fundamentally different from those in bulk water,” says coauthor Devleena Samanta, a former graduate student in Zare’s lab.
If the process can be scaled up, it could eliminate the need for potentially toxic reducing agents that have harmful health side effects or that can pollute waterways, Zare says.
Greener way to refine metals needs a good shake
It’s still unclear why water microdroplets are able to replace a reducing agent in this reaction. One possibility is that transforming the water into microdroplets greatly increases its surface area, creating the opportunity for a strong electric field to form at the air-water interface, which may promote the formation of gold nanoparticles and nanowires.
“The surface area atop a one-liter beaker of water is less than one square meter. But if you turn the water in that beaker into microdroplets, you will get about 3,000 square meters of surface area—about the size of half a football field,” Zare says.
Sticky strands of DNA assemble gold nanoparticles
The team is exploring ways to utilize the nanostructures for various catalytic and biomedical applications and to refine their technique to create gold films.
“We observed a network of nanowires that may allow the formation of a thin layer of nanowires,”
The US Air Force Office of Scientific Research through Basic Research, the Institute for Basic Science in Korea, the Winston Chen Stanford Graduate Fellowship, the Center for Molecular Analysis and Design, and the National Science Foundation funded the work.
Source: Stanford University
