Recent survey results link acceptance of gene-edited foods with a belief that science and technology are ways to solve society’s problems.
Through CRISPR and other gene-editing technologies, researchers and developers are poised to bring dozens—if not hundreds—of new products to grocery stores: mushrooms with longer shelf lives, drought-resistant corn, and bananas impervious to a fungus threatening the global supply. A few, including a soybean variety that produces a healthier cooking oil, are already for sale commercially in the United States.
Advocates say gene editing is faster and more precise than traditional crop breeding methods. It can address rapidly evolving challenges to produce food and benefit consumers. Critics argue this new technology could create unintended consequences and that government agencies must address the shortcomings of current regulation. Under current federal law, gene-edited foods do not need require labeling.
Given the backlash over transgenic engineering for genetically modified organisms (GMOs), there’s a lot of speculation over whether the public will accept gene-edited foods, even though the process to create them is different.
The new study is the first to gauge public acceptance of gene-edited foods using a nationally representative sample of 2,000 US residents. The researchers surveyed participants to understand if they would eat or actively avoid gene-edited foods; and to understand the factors that shape their decisions. The researchers plan to repeat the survey every two years for the next decade to track how public attitudes on gene-edited foods will shift as more products come onto the market.
Survey findings
“Right now, there are a lot of people in the middle. They have not fully made up their mind about gene-edited foods, but as they learn more about the technologies and products, they will likely move to one side of the issue. I think it will depend on their consumer experience—what kind of messaging they trust and who sends it, as well as what products they encounter,” says Christopher Cummings, senior research fellow at Iowa State University
Cummings is a coauthor of the paper in the journal Frontiers in Food Science and Technology with David Peters, a professor of sociology and a rural sociologist with the university’s Extension and Outreach.
The researchers found a person’s likelihood of eating or avoiding gene-edited foods is primarily driven by their social values and how much they trust government, industry, and environmental groups.
“Food industry experts tend to have the mindset that people make decisions about food based on the cost, appearance, taste, and nutritional content. But our study shows that when you have a new technology that people are not familiar with, other factors play a much bigger role, especially people’s social and ethical values, and whether they trust government and industry to protect them,” says Peters.
The study reveals people who are more willing to eat raw or processed gene-edited foods generally view science and technology as a primary means to solve society’s problems. They place a high level of trust in government food regulators and the agriculture biotechnology industry and generally do not have strong beliefs about food production. They also tend to be younger (Generation Z and millennials under 30 years of age) with higher levels of education and household incomes.
By contrast, the people who are more likely to avoid eating raw or processed gene-edited foods are more skeptical of science and technology. They place greater value on the way their food is produced, saying ethics play an important role, and rely more on their own personal beliefs or environmental groups rather than government and industry. People in this group also tend to have lower incomes and be more religious, older, and female.
Around 60% of the women in the survey said they would be unwilling to eat and purposely avoid gene-edited foods.
Cisgenic engineering
With cisgenic engineering, scientists use tools like CRISPR-Cas, ZFN, or TALEN to tweak a specific section of DNA in a plant or animal or replace it with genetic material from a sexually compatible species. The genetic change is passed on to its offspring, like traditional breeding.
The technology is newer than transgenic engineering; the first gene-edited food to enter the marketplace, a soybean variety for cooking oil free of trans fats, was March 2019. Under current federal law, gene-edited foods do not need approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and labeling is voluntary.
Transgenic engineering
With transgenic engineering, scientists insert genes from another species or genes that were made synthetically into the genome of a plant or animal.
The technology emerged in the 1990s and slowly came onto the market in the early 2000s. Most of the GMO crops grown in the US are for livestock feed, but some make their way directly into human diets, primarily through cornstarch, corn syrup, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, and granulated sugar.
GMOs are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration, US Environmental Protection Agency, and US Department of Agriculture, and as of January 2022, GMO foods are required by federal law to include a “bioengineered” or “derived from bioengineering” label.
“Current regulations say gene-edited foods are analogous to traditional selective breeding and therefore, do not fall under the same review process as GMOs. But some consumer groups, trade organizations, and environmental groups disagree,” says Cummings.
Several European Union countries have already put out strong declarations that they will not accept gene-edited foods, he adds.
“As academic professionals and public opinion scholars, we’re well positioned to be third-party arbiters and report the facts for how the public understands—and comes to make decisions—about the foods they choose to accept or avoid.”
Gene Edited Foods Project
Peters and Cummings are part of a research team from Iowa State and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF) called the Gene Edited Foods Project.
“We want to work with government regulators, environmental groups, consumer groups, and the food industry to come to some common framework that doesn’t stifle innovation but still gives consumers the right to know how their food is made,” says Peters.
In another study expected to be published this year, Peters and Cummings found 75% of the American public agree there should be a federal labeling law for gene-edited foods, regardless of whether or not they plan on buying or avoiding them.
“The worry is that if more of these gene-edited foods move onto the marketplace and consumers don’t know, there will be a backlash when they find out,” says Peters. “Ag biotech companies who support voluntary labels want other companies to follow suit. The hope is that labels will improve transparency and instill trust among consumers, avoiding any potential backlash or opposition to the technology.”
The research team for the Gene Edited Foods Project is currently working on a set of recommendations for governance tools and strategies to address gaps in public trust related to gene-edited foods.
Funding for the project and the latest study comes from the US Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Source: Iowa State University
