A new algorithm can forecast the flow of floodwater in almost real-time, a new study shows.
The algorithm could lead to more timely emergency response and planning.
Researchers incorporated the architecture of city drainage systems and readings from flood gauges into a comprehensive statistical framework. With the framework, the researchers say they can accurately predict the evolution of floods in extreme situations like hurricanes.
“Not knowing where floodwater will flow next is particularly detrimental for first responders who need to gauge the level of flooding for their rescue operations,” says Ali Mostafavi, assistant professor in the civil and environmental engineering department at Texas A&M University.
“Our new algorithm considers the underground drainage channels to provide an accurate representation of how floods propagate. This tool, we think, can vastly help disaster management because first responders will be able to see which way floodwater will flow in real time.”
‘Domino effect’ floodwater
Hurricanes are notorious for wreaking havoc on shorelines, toppling trees, tearing down power lines, and above all, causing severe floods. Conventionally, scientists have used physics-based models to predict where water might collect, overflow, and cause flooding. In essence, these models capture how physical features of the Earth’s surface and urban landscapes affect the flow of water over the ground.
While robust at predicting when and where floods will happen under most rainfall conditions, these traditional models do not perform as well at predicting floods during incidents of torrential rainfall, like during Hurricane Harvey, Mostafavi says.
“Physics-based models offer one perspective on how floods can spread, which is extremely useful, but the picture they provide is somewhat incomplete,” he says. “We wanted to use existing data on how past floods have spread through the drainage channels to develop a model that would be able to predict, within a certain level of preciseness, how future floods will spread.”
Drainage channels are an elaborate network of intertwined channels that meet together at junctions called nodes. Flooding in one channel can directly or indirectly affect other channels and cause floods to spread, much like a domino effect.
1-in-1,000-year flood may not be so rare
To predict which way floodwater will flow along drainage channels and cause an inundation, Mostafavi and his team developed a probability-based model and fed the water-level readings on flood gauges for different time points during two major flooding events in Texas—Hurricane Harvey in 2017 and the Memorial Day flooding in 2015 in Houston.
Once they trained the algorithm on water flow patterns through the drainage networks for these heavy rainfall events, the researchers tested if their model worked by checking if it could predict the flood patterns observed during Houston’s Tax Day flood in 2016.
They found that their model was 85% accurate in predicting how the flood propagated through the city’s drainage system for that flood event. Although past flood events validated the model, Mostafavi says its success suggests that it will also be able to predict how new floods will propagate through a city’s drainage networks.
This insight could help emergency responders take preemptive steps toward evacuations, he says.
Mostafavi says the model comes with some caveats. Failed sensors on flood gauges could compromise the algorithm’s performance. However, complementing the predictions coming from physics-based models with those from the research team’s new algorithm can once again restore the accuracy of flood prediction.
“Traditional models and our data-driven models can be used to complement each other to give a more precise picture of where floodwater will go next,” Mostafavi says.
“Hurricanes of the magnitude of Harvey or Katrina are generally considered a one-in-a-thousand-year event, but they may not be as rare if we consider the changes in global weather patterns because of climate change. But we now have more robust tools to weather the storm.”
The research appears in Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. The National Science Foundation funded the work.
Source: Vandana Suresh for Texas A&M University
