For many people, the fear and anxiety they experienced during the 2018 false ballistic missile alert in Hawaii lingered for days after assurances the threat was not real, according to a new study.
The study, the first to capture real-time psychological responses to a false alarm, used a big data approach involving the analysis of more than 1 million tweets posted by thousands of individuals likely to be residents of Hawaii.
“When people believe warnings of imminent danger, they often experience anxiety, especially as they await the threat’s arrival,” says lead author Nickolas M. Jones, a postdoctoral researcher at Princeton University.
“But what are the consequences when an alert turns out to be in error? How do people respond? Our findings show that, for many, false alarms are anxiety-provoking and that the fear they cause can be persistent. Some research suggests that this may trigger health consequences over time, including post-traumatic stress disorder.”
Anxiety after the false missile alert
Many social scientists have used Twitter data to explore psychological responses to collective trauma. Tweets containing users’ thoughts and feelings during life-threatening events—such as school shootings, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters—provide insight into how individuals react.
For the new study, researchers analyzed 1.2 million tweets from 14,830 people in Hawaii from six weeks before until 18 days after the Jan. 13, 2018, ballistic missile alert that the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency mistakenly issued. Users were posting to Twitter accounts local governments and radio stations operate.
“Cancellation of a threat doesn’t immediately calm reactions to the situation.”
Results show a marked increase in anxiety that lingered well after officials had dispelled the missile threat, with some people experiencing elevated levels for at least two days following the event. During the 38-minute period in which people awaited the missile strike, anxiety users expressed on Twitter increased 3.4 percent every 15 minutes until the all-clear message was transmitted.
“What surprised us was that the anxiety persisted even after the state’s emergency management agency and a local congressional representative issued corrective tweets—which were retweeted by 35,000 users—that the initial alert was a false alarm,” says senior author Roxane Cohen Silver, professor of psychological science, medicine, and public health at the University of California, Irvine.
“This suggests that cancellation of a threat doesn’t immediately calm reactions to the situation. Amazingly, some people did not know whether the corrective tweets were believable.”
Better communication
The study also highlights the need for emergency management organizations to maintain credibility with the public after a false warning.
“When danger is imminent, community members rely on local agencies to inform them of the severity of the threat and appropriate measures for securing personal safety and protecting property,” Jones says. “A lack of regular updates can elicit distress and other negative psychological outcomes.”
“Effective communication is the key,” Silver says. “During a crisis, emergency management personnel should transmit relevant threat information and suggestions for protective action via official social media channels—and also provide timely updates for traditional media broadcasts. The public should stay connected to critical information sources.”
The research appears in American Psychologist.
Source: UC Irvine
