“Dual n-back,” one of the two brain-training methods most scientists use in research, is significantly better at improving memory and attention, findings show. It also results in more significant changes in brain activity.
While the exercise didn’t make anyone smarter, it greatly improved skills people need to excel at school and at work. The results in the Journal of Cognitive Enhancement suggest it’s possible to train the brain like other body parts—with targeted workouts.
“People say cognitive training either works or doesn’t work. We showed that it matters what kind of training you’re doing,” says lead author Kara J. Blacker, a former postdoctoral fellow in psychological and brain sciences at Johns Hopkins University and current researcher at the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Advancement of Military Medicine Inc.
“This one task seems to show the most consistent results and the most impact on performance and should be the one we focus on if we’re interested in improving cognition through training.”
Scientists trying to determine if brain exercises improve cognitive performance have had mixed luck and suspected the problem wasn’t the idea of brain training, but the type of exercise researchers chose to test it.
They decided to compare directly the leading types of exercises and measure people’s brain activity before and after training; that had never been attempted before.
30 minutes a day, 5 days a week
First, the team assembled three groups of participants, all young adults. Everyone took an initial battery of cognitive tests to determine baseline working memory, attention, and intelligence. Everyone also got an electroencephalogram to measure brain activity. Then, everyone was sent home to practice a computer task for a month. One group used one leading brain exercise while the second group used the other. The third group practiced on a control task.
The training programs are not the commercial products available to consumers, but tools scientists rely on to test the brain’s working memory.
Everyone trained five days a week for 30 minutes, then returned to the lab for another round of tests to see if anything about their brain or cognitive abilities had changed.
The group that practiced what’s known as a “dual n-back” exercise showed a 30 percent improvement in their working memory. That was nearly double the gains made by the group working with the other common task, known as “complex span.” The dual n-back group also showed significant changes in brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, the critical region responsible for higher learning.
A memory sequence
The “dual n-back” is a memory sequence test in which people must remember a constantly updating sequence of visual and auditory stimuli. Participants saw squares flashing on a grid while hearing letters. They had to remember if the square they just saw and the letter they heard were both the same as one round back. As the test got harder, they had to recall squares and letters two, three, and four rounds back.
“We can’t just jump onto a video game and expect that’s going to cure all of our cognitive problems.”
It’s a bit like the children’s electronic game Simon, but instead of just recalling sounds and colors, you have to remember the current sequence and the one a few rounds back.
The other test, called “complex span,” also involves remembering items in a sequence. There’s a distraction for people between items, but they don’t need to continually update the items in their mind.
The findings demonstrate that the “dual n-back” is a better regimen to train working memory, which is what people rely on to temporarily hold details in their mind like phone numbers and directions.
Can games actually boost your brain? Not really
These skills are vital to how people perform in school and at work, when tasks are new and you can’t just rely on old knowledge and habits, says coauthor Susan Courtney, a neuroscientist and professor of psychological and brain sciences.
“The findings suggest that this particular task is changing something about the brain,” Courtney says. “There’s something about sequencing and updating that really taps into the things that only the pre-frontal cortex can do, the real-world problem-solving tasks.”
The next step, the researchers say, is to figure out why “dual n-back” is so good at improving working memory, and then figure out how to make it even more effective so that it can become a marketable, or even clinically useful, brain training program.
“The biggest lesson here was that, yes, intensive training strengthens cognition and the brain, but we still don’t understand why and how,” Courtney says. “We can’t just jump onto a video game and expect that’s going to cure all of our cognitive problems. We need more targeted interventions.
Coauthors are from Johns Hopkins and the Kennedy Krieger Institute. Johns Hopkins and the National Institutes of Health funded the work.
Source: Johns Hopkins University
