Researchers have discovered a new way to fine-tune the molecular assembly line that creates antibiotics via engineered biosynthesis.
The finding could allow scientists to improve existing antibiotics as well as design new drug candidates quickly and efficiently, according to a new study.
Bacteria—such as E. coli—harness biosynthesis to create molecules that are difficult to make artificially.
“We already use bacteria to make a number of drugs for us,” says lead author Edward Kalkreuter, a former graduate student at North Carolina State University.
“But we also want to make alterations to these compounds; for example, there’s a lot of drug resistance to erythromycin. Being able to make molecules with similar activity but improved efficacy against resistance is the general goal.”
Picture an automobile assembly line: each stop along the line features a robot that chooses a particular piece of the car and adds it to the whole. Now substitute erythromycin for the car, and an acyltransferase (AT)—an enzyme—as the robot at the stations along the molecular assembly line. Each AT “robot” will select a chemical block, or extender unit, to add to the molecule. At each station the AT robot has 430 amino acids, or residues, which help it select which extender unit to add.
“Different types of extender units impact the activity of the molecule,” says Gavin Williams, a professor of chemistry and corresponding author of the research. “Identifying the residues that affect extender unit selection is one way to create molecules with the activity we want.”
The team used molecular dynamic simulations to examine AT residues and identified 10 that significantly affect extender unit selection. They then performed mass spectrometry and in vitro testing on AT enzymes that had these residues changed in order to confirm their activity had also changed. The results supported the computer simulation’s predictions.
“These simulations predict what parts of the enzyme we can change by showing how the enzyme moves over time,” says Kalkreuter. “Generally, people look at static, nonmoving structures of enzymes. That makes it hard to predict what they do, because enzymes aren’t static in nature. Prior to this work, very few residues were thought or known to affect extender unit selection.”
Williams adds that manipulating residues allows for much greater precision in reprogramming the biosynthetic assembly line.
“Previously, researchers who wanted to change an antibiotic’s structure would simply swap out the entire AT enzyme,” Williams says. “That’s the equivalent of removing an entire robot from the assembly line. By focusing on the residues, we’re merely replacing the fingers on that arm—like reprogramming a workstation rather than removing it. It allows for much greater precision.
“Using these computational simulations to figure out which residues to replace is another tool in the toolbox for researchers who use bacteria to biosynthesize drugs.”
The National Institutes of Health supported the work, which appears in Nature Communications. Kalkreuter is currently at the Scripps Research Institute. Additional coauthors are from the University of Michigan and NC State.
Source: NC State
