Evidence found in the hundreds of feet of rocks that filled the impact crater within the first 24 hours after the asteroid strike that wiped out the dinosaurs confirms hypotheses about what happened that day.
The prevailing hypothesis suggests that when the asteroid slammed into the planet, the impact set wildfires, triggered tsunamis, and blasted so much sulfur into the atmosphere that it blocked the sun, which caused the global cooling that ultimately doomed the dinos.
The new evidence includes bits of charcoal, jumbles of rock the tsunami’s backflow brought in, and conspicuously absent sulfur. They are all part of a rock record that offers the most detailed look yet into the aftermath of the catastrophe that ended the Age of Dinosaurs, says Sean Gulick, a research professor at the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics at the Jackson School of Geosciences.
“It’s an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero,” says Gulick, who led the study and co-led the 2016 International Ocean Discovery Program scientific drilling mission that retrieved the rocks from the impact site offshore of the Yucatan Peninsula. “It tells us about impact processes from an eyewitness location.”
The research builds on earlier work that described how the crater formed and how life quickly recovered at the impact site. An international team of more than two dozen scientists contributed to this study.
Dinosaurs fried, then froze
Most of the material that filled the crater within hours of impact was produced at the impact site or swept in by seawater pouring back into the crater from the surrounding Gulf of Mexico. Just one day deposited about 425 feet of material—a rate that’s among the highest ever encountered in the geologic record. This breakneck rate of accumulation means that the rocks record what was happening in the environment within and around the crater in the minutes and hours after impact and give clues about the longer-lasting effects of the impact that wiped out 75% of life on the planet.
Gulick describes it as a short-lived inferno at the regional level, followed by a long period of global cooling.
“We fried them and then we froze them,” Gulick says. “Not all the dinosaurs died that day, but many dinosaurs did.”
Researchers estimate the asteroid hit with the equivalent power of 10 billion atomic bombs of the size used in World War II. The blast ignited trees and plants that were thousands of miles away and triggered a massive tsunami that reached as far inland as Illinois. Inside the crater, researchers found charcoal and a chemical biomarker associated with soil fungi within or just above layers of sand that shows signs of being deposited by resurging waters. This suggests that the charred landscape was pulled into the crater with the receding waters of the tsunami.
Jay Melosh, a professor at Purdue University and expert on impact cratering, says that finding evidence for wildfire helps scientists know that their understanding of the asteroid impact is on the right track.
“It was a momentous day in the history of life, and this is a very clear documentation of what happened at ground zero,” says Melosh, who was not involved with this study.
Missing sulfur
One of the most important takeaways from the research is what was missing from the core samples. The area surrounding the impact crater is full of sulfur-rich rocks. But there was no sulfur in the core.
That finding supports a theory that the asteroid impact vaporized the sulfur-bearing minerals present at the impact site and released it into the atmosphere, where it wreaked havoc on the Earth’s climate, reflecting sunlight away from the planet and causing global cooling. Researchers estimate that at least 325 billion metric tons would have been released by the impact. To put that in perspective, that’s about four orders of magnitude greater than the sulfur that was spewed during the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa—which cooled the Earth’s climate by an average of 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit for five years.
Although the asteroid impact created mass destruction at the regional level, it was this global climate change that caused a mass extinction, killing off the dinosaurs along with most other life on the planet at the time.
“The real killer has got to be atmospheric,” Gulick says. “The only way you get a global mass extinction like this is an atmospheric effect.”
The research appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
A number of international and national support organizations, including the National Science Foundation supported the research.
Source: UT Austin
