Our standards drop more and more in the course of making decisions, research finds.
This occurs when we see one option after another and don’t know if something better will come along later, say the researchers.
Whether booking flight tickets, buying a car, or finding a new apartment, we always come up against the same question: Should I wait until a better offer comes along?
People often find it difficult to make decisions when they see options presented one after another. This becomes even more difficult when time is limited and an offer that you turn down now may no longer be available later.
“We have to make decisions like this countless times every day, from the small ones like looking for a parking space to the big ones like buying a house or even choosing a partner,” says Christiane Baumann, a doctoral candidate in the psychology department at the University of Zurich. “However, until now, the way we behave in such situations has never been thoroughly examined.”
For their new study, the researchers carried out numerous experiments and then used the results to develop a simple mathematical model for the strategy that people use when they make decisions.
Decisions, decisions
It’s easy, using a computer, to find the best-possible process for making decisions of this type. “But the human brain is not capable of carrying out the complex calculations that are required, so humans use a rather simplified strategy,” says Baumann.
She simulated purchasing situations with up to 200 participants in each test in order to find out what strategies people use. In one test, the participants were told to try to get a flight ticket as cheaply as possible—they were given 10 offers one after the other in which the price fluctuated; meanwhile the fictional departure date was getting nearer and nearer.
In another test, people had to get the best possible deal on products such as groceries or kitchen appliances, with the fluctuating prices taken from an online shop.
The evaluation of the experiments confirmed that the test participants did not use the optimal, yet complex, strategy calculated by the computer. Instead, Baumann discovered that they use a “linear threshold model”: “The price that I am prepared to pay increases every day by the same amount. That is, the further along I am in the process, the higher the price I will accept,” explains Baumann.
This principle can be applied not only to purchasing decisions, but also situations such as choice of an employer or a life partner: “At the beginning perhaps my standards are high. But over time they may lower so that in the end I may settle for someone I would have rejected in the beginning.”
Simulating the way we make choices
The researchers analyzed the experimental data and developed a mathematical model that describes human behavior in various scenarios.
“That helps us to better understand decision-making,” says Baumann. The model also allows us to predict the circumstances in which we tend to buy a product too early—or when we delay too long and then have to take whatever is left in the end.
Baumann thinks these findings could help people make difficult decisions in future: “In the current digital world the amount of information available for decision-making can be overwhelming. Our work provides a starting point for a better understanding of when people succeed or fail in such tasks.
“That could enable us to structure decision-making problems, for example in online shopping, in such a way that people are supported in navigating the flood of data.”
The research appears in PNAS. The Swiss National Science Foundation supported the work.
Source: University of Zurich
