China’s control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic may have prevented more than 700,000 infections across the country, a new study shows.
China’s response may have delayed the spread of the virus to cities outside of Wuhan by several days and interrupted transmission nationwide. The findings could be useful to countries that are still in the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak.
“The number of confirmed cases in China by day 50 (February 19) of the epidemic, was around 30,000,” says Christopher Dye, visiting professor of zoology and visiting fellow at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford.
“Our analysis suggests that without the Wuhan travel ban and the national emergency response there would have been more than 700,000 confirmed COVID-19 cases outside of Wuhan by that date.
“China’s control measures appear to have worked by successfully breaking the chain of transmission—preventing contact between infectious and susceptible people.”
China’s COVID-19 travel data
For the study, which appears in the journal Science, researchers used a unique combination of case reports, human movement data, and public health intervention information to investigate the spread and control of COVID-19.
They examined the movements of 4.3 million people out of Wuhan before the travel ban, the types and timing of control measures implemented across the cities of China, and the numbers of COVID-19 cases reported each day in every city.
“One fascinating aspect of our work is that it shows the power of novel data streams such as cell phone mobility data,” says Ottar Bjornstad, a professor of entomology and biology at Penn State.
“Since the time period we studied included the Spring Festival holiday and Chinese Lunar New Year, we were able to compare patterns of travel into and out of Wuhan during the outbreak with cell phone data from two previous spring festivals.
“The analysis revealed an extraordinary reduction in movement following the travel ban of January 23, 2020. Based on this data, we could also calculate the likely reduction in Wuhan-associated cases in other cities across China.”
Time to prepare
The team’s model also analyzed the specific effects of the Wuhan shutdown and found that it delayed the arrival of COVID-19 in other cities by several days.
“This delay provided extra time to prepare for the arrival of COVID-19 in more than 130 cities,” says Huaiyu Tian, associate professor of epidemiology at Beijing Normal University.
These cities banned public gatherings, closed entertainment venues, and suspended public transport, among other actions. As a result, they reported 33% fewer confirmed cases during the first week of their outbreaks than cities that did not implement a Level 1 Response.
While the control measures taken thus far have reduced the number of COVID-19 infections to very low levels, China, is by no means out of the woods.
“Given the small fraction of the Chinese population that has been infected, a much larger number of people remains at risk of COVID-19,” Tian says. “We are acutely aware that resident or imported infections could lead to a resurgence of transmission.”
SARS-CoV-2 may establish as a human endemic globally in the years to come, Bjornstad says.
“It is critical to keep in mind that this virgin epidemic likely will affect people of different ages and susceptibilities, and therefore have different fatality levels, than possible subsequent seasonal epidemics.”
Additional coauthors are from the University of California, Davis; Harvard University; Princeton University; Beijing Normal University, Oxford University; the University of Southampton; Tsinghua University; the Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control; the Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; the University of Hong Kong; Peking University; and the National Institutes of Health.
The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Beijing Natural Science Foundation, the Beijing Advanced Innovation Program for Land Surface Science, the Oxford Martin School, and the Military Logistics Research Program funded the work.
Source: Penn State
