A “good life” in adulthood can start in grade school if parents and teachers learn how to build strong bonds with children, and help their kids form attachments to family and school, research shows.
What defines a “good life” in your 30s? The exact answer probably depends on the person, but most people could agree on some general themes: good physical and mental health, solid relationships, and a steady job or good education. Being financially responsible and involvement in your community or civic life also help make life better.
In a study of more than 800 adults throughout their 30s—a group researchers followed since they were fifth-graders at Seattle elementary schools in 1985—the people who reported better health and socioeconomic status were, consistently, those whose parents and teachers had received lessons aimed at building stronger bonds with their children decades ago.
The researchers know of no other study of a program provided during elementary school that has followed participants for this long.
Participants in the longitudinal study, known as the Seattle Social Development Project, have responded to surveys over the years about health, lifestyle, even the parenting of their own kids.
Such research requires participants who will stick with a study over a big stretch of their lives. Nearly 90% of them did just that.
Bonding at school and at home
The latest study involved coming up with broad measures of health and functioning in adulthood, surveying participants on specific issues related to those measures, and comparing participants whose teachers and parents received the bonding interventions during elementary school with those who didn’t.
“These early elementary-school interventions seek to make kids’ current lives better both in and out of school,” says Rick Kosterman, a principal investigator with the Social Development Research Group, part of the University of Washington School of Social Work.
“But can we actually get kids on a different life trajectory that lasts beyond elementary school? In fact, we found enduring effects, where they’re having an overall better experience in adulthood.”
University of Washington social work professors J. David Hawkins and Richard Catalano created the prevention curriculum, called Raising Healthy Children. The lessons for parents and teachers, focused on enhancing children’s opportunities for forming healthy bonds in grades one through six and providing them with social skills and reinforcements.
Teachers and parents of children in some classrooms of the 18 participating Seattle elementary schools used the curriculum in the 1980s, while those in other classrooms did not have access to it.
Many of the concepts are teaching tools and parenting tips that are well-known today: reinforcing positive behaviors; setting expectations for making responsible choices; and promoting positive social interaction at school through group projects and seating arrangements.
Table groups in the classroom facilitate cooperation and learning from one another, for example, while at home, parents can “catch” their child being good and offer praise. With older children, parents can discuss issues such as smoking so that standards for healthy behavior are established before the teen years.
Nine life measures
As reported in Prevention Science, Kosterman devised a list of nine measurable aspects of life for people in their 30s: physical health; mental health; health maintenance behaviors (such as exercise and sleep); low sex-risk behavior; low rates of substance abuse; friendships and relationships; socioeconomic status (income, education, homeownership); responsibility (employment, managing finances); and civic engagement.
The team then used surveys and in-person physical evaluations to determine participants’ health and successful functioning in adult life.
In a comprehensive test of effects that combined all nine indicators of a healthy and successful adult life, those from intervention classrooms when in elementary school reported significantly better outcomes than those from comparison classrooms through their 30s.
Specific areas of significant improvement included fewer symptoms of mental health disorders, more engagement in health maintenance behaviors, and overall better health and socioeconomic success. On the remaining measures, the intervention group scored better on each one, though not as dramatically, compared with the control group.
It’s hard to attribute results that manifest decades later directly to the curriculum, says Hawkins, a coauthor of the new study. But the changed behaviors of their teachers and parents during the elementary grades likely had a snowball effect, leading to positive relationships and responsible decision-making in adulthood.
“Make sure your kids have the opportunity to engage with you as a parent. Play with them, hold them; don’t just sit on your phone when you’re with them.”
“We worked to build healthier relationships—we call it social bonding—between teachers and students, and parents and children. The larger question was, if we do all these things, will it turn into a prosocial, healthy lifestyle?” Hawkins says. “We didn’t know we would see these results so much later in life.”
In analyzing the data, researchers examined factors that tend to negatively affect health outcomes: whether a child grew up in poverty, was raised by a single parent, or born to a teenager.
Participants who were born to a mother under age 20 were found to have a substantially lower quality of life on several of the measures, especially in the areas of socioeconomic status, physical health, and substance abuse. The intervention effects the researchers found persisted even after controlling for these effects of being born to a teen mother.
‘Play with them’
“The most important thing we’ve learned is to provide opportunities for kids to have positive social involvement,” Hawkins says. “Make sure your kids have the opportunity to engage with you as a parent. Play with them; hold them; don’t just sit on your phone when you’re with them.
“When kids feel bonded to you, they’re less likely to violate your expectations. And you are likely to be setting them up to have better lives long into the future.”
“More studies are needed that test childhood interventions and follow participants through the 30s and beyond,” says Kosterman, who has applied for more funding to conduct further research with the group, now in their mid-40s, in midlife.
“But we are encouraged that these findings suggest that lasting change for important outcomes is possible.”
Additional coauthors are from the University of Washington and the University of Colorado, Boulder. The National Institute on Drug Abuse funded the work.
Source: University of Washington
