New research takes a different approach to find new types of antidepressants using CRISPR technology.
An estimated 13 percent of Americans take antidepressant drugs for depression, anxiety, chronic pain, or sleep problems. For the 14 million Americans who have clinical depression, roughly one third don’t find relief with antidepressants.
“The most commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs—such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft—were approved by the FDA more than 30 years ago…”
Most antidepressant drugs target serotonin receptors, aiming to boost serotonin, a chemical thought to regulate mood and social behavior. With CRISPR, scientists have been able to target an altogether different type of receptor called delta-type GABA receptors. They think that natural mood-boosting substances in the brain can target these receptors.
“There’s a real need to develop more effective antidepressants,” says principal investigator Steven Mennerick, professor of psychiatry at Washington University in St. Louis. “The most commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs—such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft—were approved by the FDA more than 30 years ago, and there’s been a dearth of new antidepressants since then. A completely new approach is warranted.”
Searching through ‘alphabet soup’
That new approach involves targeting GABA receptors with substances called neurosteroids, chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and are involved in emotional and motivational brain networks.
“Neurosteroids are thought to selectively interact with delta-type receptors, and there’s evidence that those drugs may help patients suffering from depression,” says Mennerick, who also is the scientific director of the university’s Taylor Family Institute.
There is an “alphabet soup” of GABA receptor subtypes on brain cells. Targeting the delta-type GABA receptor could help alleviate depression because GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, may help slow down some of the cognitive processes that lead to overwhelming and negative thoughts and feelings. Some types of GABA receptors have been linked to anxiety, and although many scientists have looked at the receptors as potential targets for depression, developing compounds that selectively bind to specific types of GABA receptors has complicated the search.
In the new research, Mennerick and his colleagues focused on GABA receptors located on neurons in the brain’s hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in learning and memory. Using CRISPR, they mutated the delta-type GABA receptors to isolate and test their role in brain functioning.
Earlier studies suggested that targeting these receptors could alleviate symptoms of depression in women suffering from severe postpartum depression.
Last summer, The Lancet published results of a trial of the neurosteroid brexanolone as a treatment for postpartum depression. The study of 21 women showed that depression improved significantly in those given the drug. Those drug trials did not take place in St. Louis, to avoid conflicts of interest because several Taylor Family Institute researchers serve as scientific advisers for Sage Therapeutics in Boston, which funded the study.
In the current study, testing the same compound in cell cultures and mice, Mennerick’s team is exploring whether the drug works through delta-type GABA receptors.
People with depression have low blood levels of this stuff
Isolate and examine
“The drugs affect GABA receptors, but they also seem to have anti-inflammatory properties,” Mennerick says. “We think it may be that special mix of reducing inflammation while activating these receptors that contributes to antidepressant effects.”
First author Min-Yu Sun, a postdoctoral researcher in Mennerick’s lab, says the research team next plans to measure the actions of neurosteroids on various GABA receptor subtypes.
“If brexanolone works in postpartum depression mainly through these delta-type receptors, then it may work in other types of depression, too.”
“It’s very difficult to differentiate among different types of GABA receptors because they share so many common properties,” Sun says. “Previously, scientists really had no way to isolate the subtypes, but we can do that with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to learn how particular drugs affect individual receptor subtypes.”
Mennerick explains that if further studies confirm that activating delta-type receptors has antidepressant effects, a next step would be to develop and test more compounds that activate those receptors. He says the mutant mice give them the tool they need to develop more potent drugs that also are more selective, with fewer side effects.
“We have a catalogue of neurosteroid compounds that our colleagues have been developing over the last 20 years, and any one of them could prove to be an effective antidepressant,” he says. “If brexanolone works in postpartum depression mainly through these delta-type receptors, then it may work in other types of depression, too. Eventually, the goal would be to develop ever more potent and selective drugs to interact with those same delta-type receptors.”
New clues to genetics of depression are ‘game-changing’
The research appears in the Journal of Neuroscience.
The National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) supported the work. Additional funding came from the Bantly Foundation and the Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases at Washington University.
