New research digs into how animals use their tails to swat away insects. The findings could help scientists build robots and other energy-efficient machines that protect us from mosquitoes.
An adult elephant weighs in at nearly five tons. Its peskiest threat is a fraction of that. But in order for a pachyderm to slap away a tiny mosquito once it lands on its backside, it must generate the same amount of torque it takes to accelerate a car.
For a new study, researchers looked at how animals use their tails to keep mosquitoes at bay and discovered that mammals swish the tips of their tails at a velocity of one meter per second, nearly the same speed as a mosquito flies.
“Most people assume that animals use their tails to swat at bugs, but we wanted to know how they do it,” says David Hu, a professor at Georgia Institute of Technology who supervised the study. “They basically have two methods of attack: the swish and swat.”
Tail simulator
Swishing at one meter per second, an animal creates enough wind to keep nearly 50 percent of mosquitoes from landing on its rear end.
Researchers figured out that success rate by building their own mammal tail simulator. They placed a fan atop an acrylic cylinder filled with 10 mosquitoes, then spun the machine at different speeds to see how many insects reached the top.
“Running the fan faster than an animal’s tail kept even more mosquitoes away, but it takes a lot more energy to spin that quickly,” says lead author Marguerite Matherne, a mechanical engineering PhD student. “It’s more efficient to swing their tails at just the right speed.”
The swish isn’t perfect, with about 15 percent of the biters finding their way to the animal’s skin. That’s why they also rely on the swat, the second layer of defense.
Swat power
Matherne went to Zoo Atlanta and pointed a video camera at elephants, zebras, and giraffes. She also went to a horse farm. With hours of footage of animals’ backsides, she noticed that their tails have two parts that sway back and forth: the top part is bone and skin, and the bottom part is mostly hair. She found that the researchers could accurately model the tail as a double pendulum. That’s what the mammals use to accurately swat mosquitoes.
“Our model shows that the swatting movement of both segments of the tail can be reproduced by only controlling the hinge at the top. Roboticists have struggled to accurately control double pendulums,” Matherne says. “By adjusting the torque during our simulations, we could control both movements.”
An elephant’s tail weighs about 25 pounds. To lift it up and snap it sideways in 1.3 seconds, the huge animal must generate the same amount of torque as the engine of a sedan—350 Newton meters to be exact.
Humans have used some kind of fly deterrent for centuries. The new paper also looked at one of the more recent devices—the ShooAway—that uses two spinning arms to thwart flying mosquitos. The researchers replaced their fan with a ShooAway and found that the product is just as effective as an animal’s tail, although it spins faster than necessary.
Hu has previously studied how dogs shake to stay dry, how frogs use their sticky tongues to grab prey, and how mosquitoes fly in the rain. He chose animal tails after hearing Matherne talk about being hit in the face while riding horses as a child.
“She’s been swatted enough times to know that horses can deliver a pretty good sting,” Hu says. “We wanted to know why the swat had to be so powerful. It turns out they swish their tails at a tip speed that generates a small air flow, then swat away those that manage to land by activating only the muscles at the base of the tail.”
The study appears in the Journal of Experimental Biology. The National Science Foundation funded the work.
Source: Georgia Tech
