A new soy-based adhesive made from food components is even stronger than Gorilla Glue on wood, researchers say. On aluminum, it’s about the same.
Jonathan Wilker of Purdue University studies how marine animals, such as oysters and mussels, create natural adhesives. Unlike most glues you’d find in a hardware store, these adhesives are non-toxic, and many hold up underwater. While trying to re-create a new glue in his lab one day, Wilker noticed something strange.
“Things were sticking when they shouldn’t have been,” he says. “We found that the components being used, proteins and sugar, were reacting and turning into an adhesive.”
Maillard chemistry
This is the essence of Maillard chemistry, or “cooking chemistry.” It happens when you grill a streak or bake bread in the oven; after a while, the edges start to brown and a savory smell fills the air. Chemically, sugars and proteins are combining to create aromatic compounds.
Usually, it takes heat to kick off this process, but Maillard chemistry is a whole class of messy reactions, and it can happen a few different ways. Products of each reaction get involved in their own reactions and can release chemicals that we experience as flavors. Describing the Maillard reaction in detail would take up an entire book alone, according to PBS.
“When foods brown, certain molecules are linking together. Proteins can connect to one another by reacting with sugars,” Wilker says. “When sea creatures make their adhesives, they are also cross-linking proteins together. They use totally different chemistry, but the idea is somewhat similar; cross-linking proteins can create an adhesive.”
Strength tests
This new soy-based adhesive doesn’t hold up well under water, so it probably isn’t a perfect replacement for the toxic glues used in plywood and chipboard (the fumes from which homeowners can breathe in for many years when they’re used to build houses). However, it may find use in packaging of organic-certified food products.
“Food packaging usually relies on typical petroleum-based adhesives, which can leach out toxins,” Wilker says.
To test the strength of the adhesive, Wilker’s team glued two pieces of wood or aluminum together. The far ends have a hole for a pin, and a machine pulls them in opposite directions to test their strength. The new adhesive was so strong on wood that the pin ripped through the hole.
Although the soy-based adhesive was pretty strong, the team achieved even better results with a different protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA is a generic protein often used in labs for experiments. It’s cheap for researchers, but not cheap enough to make a BSA-based adhesive affordable on a large commercial scale.
“If you want to break into the adhesive market, your product needs to be cheap, high-performance, and the material also has to be available on large scales,” Wilker says. “This new soy-based adhesive may be able to hit these requirements while also being grown renewably.”
The findings appear the Journal of the American Chemical Society. The National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research supported the work.
Source: Purdue University
