New research pinpoints the genes that shape our skeletons.
The research, published in Science, pulls back a curtain on our evolutionary past and suggests a future where doctors can better predict patients’ risks of developing conditions such as back pain or arthritis in later life.
“Our research is a powerful demonstration of the impact of AI in medicine, particularly when it comes to analyzing and quantifying imaging data, as well as integrating this information with health records and genetics rapidly and at large scale,” says Vagheesh Narasimhan, an assistant professor of integrative biology at the University of Texas at Austin, as well as statistics and data science, who led the research team.
Humans are the only large primates to have longer legs than arms, a change in the skeletal form that is critical in enabling the ability to walk on two legs. The scientists sought to determine which genetic changes underlie anatomical differences that are clearly visible in the fossil record leading to modern humans, from Australopithecus to Neanderthals. They also wanted to find out how these skeletal proportions allowing bipedalism affect the risk of many musculoskeletal diseases such as arthritis of the knee and hip—conditions that affect billions of people in the world and are the leading causes of adult disability in the United States.
The researchers used deep learning models to perform automatic quantification on 39,000 medical images to measure distances between shoulders, knees, ankles, and other points in the body. By comparing these measurements to each person’s genetic sequence, they found 145 points in the genome that control skeletal proportions.
“Our work provides a road map connecting specific genes with skeletal lengths of different parts of the body, allowing developmental biologists to investigate these in a systematic way,” says Tarjinder (T.J.) Singh, the study’s coauthor, and associate member at the New York Genome Center and assistant professor in the Columbia University psychiatry department.
The team also examined how skeletal proportions associate with major musculoskeletal diseases and showed that individuals with a higher ratio of hip width to height were found to be more likely to develop osteoarthritis and pain in their hips. Similarly, people with higher ratios of femur (thigh bone) length to height were more likely to develop arthritis in their knees, knee pain, and other knee problems. People with a higher ratio of torso length to height were more likely to develop back pain.
“These disorders develop from biomechanical stresses on the joints over a lifetime,” says Eucharist Kun, a UT Austin biochemistry graduate student and lead author of the paper. “Skeletal proportions affect everything from our gait to how we sit, and it makes sense that they are risk factors in these disorders.”
The results of their work also have implications for our understanding of evolution. The researchers note that several genetic segments that controlled skeletal proportions overlapped more than expected with areas of the genome called human accelerated regions. These are sections of the genome shared by great apes and many vertebrates but are significantly diverged in humans. This provides genomic rationale for the divergence in our skeletal anatomy.
One of the most enduring images of the Rennaisance—Leonardo Da Vinci’s “The Vitruvian Man”—contained similar conceptions of the ratios and lengths of limbs and other elements that make up the human body.
“In some ways we’re tackling the same question that Da Vinci wrestled with,” Narasimhan says. “What is the basic human form and its proportion? But we are now using modern methods and also asking how those proportions are genetically determined.”
Additional coauthors are from UT Austin, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. The research was funded by the Allen Institute, Good Systems, the Ethical AI research grand challenge at UT Austin, and the National Institutes of Health, with graduate student fellowship support provided by the National Science Foundation and UT Austin’s provost’s office.
Source: UT Austin
