A new drug compound appears to stop cancer cell growth in triple-negative cancer, a study with mice shows.
The drug has not yet been tested in humans, but it eliminates tumors in mice, with little to no effect on normal healthy cells, making it potentially nontoxic for patients.
The therapy is based on a newly discovered way that a gene known as epidermal growth factor receptor, or EGFR, leads to cancer. EGFR is a long-investigated oncogene—a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.
Triple-negative breast cancer accounts for about 10 to 15% of all breast cancers. Triple-negative refers to the fact that the cancer cells test negative for the three other types of breast cancer—those driven by too much estrogen, too much progesterone, or too much of a protein called HER2, according to the American Cancer Society.
Triple-negative breast cancer is more common in women under 40 who are Black or who have a specific mutation in a gene called BRCA1. About half of all cases of triple-negative breast cancer overexpress the EGFR oncogene, according to the National Institutes for Health.
The researchers devised a compound that blocks EGFR from going to a part of the cell that drives survival of the cancer. The compound shuts down functioning of the EGFR protein that acts in cancer cells but not normal cells.
Often, drugs aren’t targeted enough in their attack and so they will attack parts of other, healthy cells, resulting in unwanted side effects. The researchers wanted to prevent that.
“EGFR has been known to be an oncogene for six decades, and there’s a lot of drugs out there trying to target it, but they all had limitations that didn’t make them workable as drugs for breast cancer,” says coauthor Joyce Schroeder, who heads the molecular and cellular biology department at the University of Arizona.
The first two drug technologies that Schroeder and her team created worked to kill the cancer cells, but they had problems.
In their first attempt, the researchers targeted what Schroeder called an “unstructured” part of the EGFR protein, and as a result, the compound couldn’t act consistently and reliably.
The second attempt resulted in a compound that was too generalized and hit a part of the protein that also drove normal activities in healthy cells, making the drug toxic.
To be effective, Schroeder and her team knew that they had to develop a compound that could enter a cancer cell and target the exact right part of the proteins created by the EGFR gene to stop cancer from spreading. They succeeded on their third attempt.
“It was like the Goldilocks effect,” she says.
She and her team knew they had to find a solution that would not affect a normal cell and that would remain active inside the body.
“When we tested the drug in animal models, we got this fabulous result where it actually didn’t just stop the tumors from going, it caused them to regress and go away, and we’re seeing no toxic side effects,” she says. “We are so excited about this because it’s very tumor specific.”
Like designing a key to fit a very specific lock, molecular and cellular biologists ideally design drug chemistry that will interact with the target protein in the exact right way and nothing else.
“Targeting triple-negative breast cancer has been difficult because it doesn’t have one of these obvious things to target,” Schroeder says. “People have known for a long time that triple-negative breast cancer cells express EGFR, but when the known EGFR drugs were thrown at it, it didn’t respond.”
Many researchers thought that maybe EGFR shouldn’t be the target, so they looked for new ones. Schroeder, on the other hand, thinks EGFR is just working in a way that researchers don’t yet understand. She and her team attempted to target it in a novel way, with success.
The next step, besides human trials, is to test the drug’s ability to suppress metastasis, which occurs when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body, Schroeder says.
The team is working to get Food and Drug Administration approval to test the compound in phase 1 clinical trials in humans. They have been working to protect the intellectual property and further invest in licensing the asset with Tech Launch Arizona, the university office that commercializes university innovations.
The research appears in the journal Cancer Gene Therapy.
The Department of Defense, the Ginny L. Clements Breast Cancer Fund, and philanthropist Susan Greendorfer funded the work.
Source: University of Arizona
