A team of mathematicians and physicists has discovered how external forces, such as water temperature, shape ice formations.
“The shapes and patterning of ice are sensitive indicators of the environmental conditions at which it melted, allowing us to ‘read’ the shape to infer factors such as the ambient water temperature,” explains Leif Ristroph, an associate professor at New York University’s Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and a coauthor of the paper in Physical Review Letters.
“Our work helps to understand how melting induces unusual flow patterns that in turn affect melting, which is one of the many complexities affecting the ice on our planet,” adds coauthor Alexandra Zidovska, an associate professor in the physics department.
The researchers studied, through a series of experiments, the melting of ice in water and, in particular, how the water temperature affects the eventual shapes and patterning of ice.
To do so, they created ultra-pure ice, which is free of bubbles and other impurities. The team recorded the melting of ice submerged into water tanks in a “cold room,” which is similar to a walk-in refrigerator whose temperature is controlled and varied.
“We focused on the cold temperatures—0 to 10 degrees Celsius [32 to 50 Fahrenheit]—at which ice in natural waters typically melts, and we found a surprising variety of shapes that formed,” says Ristroph, who directs the Applied Mathematics Laboratory.
Specifically, at very cold temperatures—those under about 5 degrees C [41 degrees F]—the pieces take on the shape of a spike or “pinnacle” pointing downward—similar to an icicle, but perfectly smooth (with no ripples). For temperatures above approximately 7 degrees C [44.6 degrees F], the same basic shape forms, but upside down—a spike pointing upward.
For in between temperatures, the ice has wavy and rippled patterns melted into its surface. Similar patterns, called “scallops,” are found on icebergs and other ice surfaces in nature. These shape differences are due to changes in water flows, which are determined by their temperatures.
“Melting causes gradients in the temperature of the water near the ice, which causes the liquid at different places to have different densities,” says graduate student and coauthor Scott Weady.
“This generates flows due to gravity—with heavier liquid sinking and lighter fluid rising—and such flows along the surface lead to different rates of melting at different locations and thus changes in shape.”
“The strange bit of physics is that liquid water has a highly unusual dependence of density on temperature, in particular a maximum of density at about 4 degrees C [39 degrees F],” he adds. “This ‘density anomaly’ makes water unique in comparison to other fluids.”
The research shows that this property is responsible for producing very different flows, depending on the precise value of the water temperature. The downward pinnacles at low temperatures are associated with upward flows, while the upward pinnacles have downward flows. The scalloped patterns form because upward flows very near the surface interact with downward flows further away, destabilizing into vortices that carve pits into the ice.
“Our findings help to explain some characteristic shapes of ice seen in nature, specifically the so-called pinnacle morphology of icebergs that consists of sharp spikes or spires and the so-called scallops that consist of wavy patterns of pits,” Ristroph says.
“The bigger context for this work relates to the changing climate of the Earth and the increased rate of ice melting across our planet. It’s important to better understand the detailed physics and math of melting at smaller scales, since these are key components of larger-scale climate models.”
The National Science Foundation supported the work.
Source: NYU
