Children up to age 18 with COVID-19 were at low risk for serious health problems stemming from such infections, researchers report.
The new study was based on pediatric data analyzed up to June 2021, before the Delta and Omicron variants took hold.
The observational study followed more than 10,300 children—3,200 of whom tested positive for COVID-19—at 41 emergency departments in 10 countries including the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Italy, and Spain. About 23%, or 735 children, were hospitalized, while 3%, or 107 children total, suffered severe outcomes such as cardiac complications and neurological issues. Four children died.
Researchers also found that children deemed healthy at an initial emergency department visit rarely deteriorated significantly after the first visit.
The findings in JAMA Network Open included data from March 2020 to June 2021, before the Delta and Omicron variants’ rapid spread across the world.
“We know that Omicron is causing far more children to become ill with COVID-19 than at any other time in the pandemic and, because of this increase in infections, hospitalizations for kids who are sick from COVID-19 have spiked,” says coauthor Fahd A. Ahmad, associate professor of pediatrics in the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. “But the early data provide a clearer picture of COVID-19’s impact on children. Fortunately, even with Omicron, most children are well enough to be taken care of at home.
“Overall, children do seem less likely to need ICU care due to COVID than adults” adds Ahmad, who treats patients at St. Louis Children’s Hospital. “However, many children can become sick enough to need hospitalization. Those well enough to be at home are still contagious, and we don’t yet know the long-term effects of COVID-19 infections on kids. This is why it is so important for eligible children to get vaccinated and boosted.”
Similar to previous COVID-19 studies focused on children, the researchers found that the children most at risk for severe outcomes were preteens and teens, as well as those with pre-existing chronic conditions, such as diabetes and cancer. Children who sought physician care earlier during the course of their infections also were at a reduced risk of severe outcomes.
“While those with chronic medical conditions are at the highest risk for complications from COVID-19, children who are otherwise healthy can still become seriously ill due to COVID,” Ahmad says.
“The study sought to quantify the frequency of and risk factors for severe outcomes in children with COVID-19,” says one of the study’s co-senior authors, Stephen Freedman, a pediatrician and professor at the University of Calgary. “We found that older age, having a pre-existing chronic condition, and symptom duration were important risk factors for severe outcomes.”
Researchers from the University of Calgary’s Cumming School of Medicine in Canada, the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, and the University of California, Davis led the study.
The study was part of the Pediatric Emergency Research Network, a consortium of major pediatric emergency medicine research networks. Funding for this research came from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research; the Alberta Health Service; University of Calgary Clinical Research Fund; the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute; the COVID-19 Research Accelerator Funding Track Program at the University of California, Davis; the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Division of Emergency Medicine Small Grants Program; the University of Calgary Eyes-High Post-Doctoral Research Fund; and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Foundation Professorship in Child Health and Wellness.
