SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is accumulating genetic mutations, one of which may have made it more contagious, according to a study of more than 5,000 patients in Houston, Texas.
“The virus continues to mutate as it rips through the world.”
That mutation, called D614G, is located in the spike protein that pries open our cells for viral entry, according to the study in mBIO. Researchers report this is the largest peer-reviewed study of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences in one metropolitan region of the US to date.
The paper shows “the virus is mutating due to a combination of neutral drift—which just means random genetic changes that don’t help or hurt the virus—and pressure from our immune systems,” says coauthor Ilya Finkelstein, associate professor of molecular biosciences at the University of Texas at Austin.
During the initial wave of the pandemic, 71% of the novel coronaviruses identified in patients in Houston had this mutation. When the second wave of the outbreak hit Houston during the summer, this variant had leaped to 99.9% prevalence, mirroring a trend observed around the world.
A study published in July in Cell based on more than 28,000 genome sequences found that variants carrying the D614G mutation became the globally dominant form of SARS-CoV-2 in about a month.
Figuring out SARS-CoV-2 mutations
So why did strains containing this mutation outcompete those that didn’t have it?
Perhaps they’re more contagious. A study of more than 25,000 genome sequences in the UK found that viruses with the mutation tended to transmit slightly faster than those without it and caused larger clusters of infections.
Natural selection would favor strains of the virus that transmit more easily. But not all scientists are convinced. Some have suggested another explanation, called “founder’s effects.” In that scenario, the D614G mutation might have been more common in the first viruses to arrive in Europe and North America, essentially giving them a head start on other strains.
The spike protein is also continuing to accumulate additional mutations of unknown significance. The team also showed in lab experiments that at least one such mutation allows the spike to evade a neutralizing antibody that humans naturally produce to fight SARS-CoV-2 infections.
This may allow that variant of the virus to more easily slip past our immune systems, although it’s not clear yet whether that translates into it also being more easily transmitted between individuals.
The good news is that this mutation is rare and does not appear to make the disease more severe for infected patients. The group did not see viruses that have learned to evade first-generation vaccines and therapeutic antibody formulations, Finkelstein says.
“The virus continues to mutate as it rips through the world,” she says. “Real-time surveillance efforts like our study will ensure that global vaccines and therapeutics are always one step ahead.”
Focus on the spike protein
The scientists noted a total of 285 mutations across thousands of infections, although most don’t appear to have a significant effect on how severe the disease is.
“We have given this virus a lot of chances. There is a huge population size out there right now.”
Ongoing studies are continuing to surveil the third wave of COVID-19 patients and to characterize how the virus is adapting to neutralizing antibodies that our immune systems produce. Each new infection is a roll of the dice, an additional chance to develop more dangerous mutations.
“We have given this virus a lot of chances,” lead author James Musser of Houston Methodist told The Washington Post. “There is a huge population size out there right now.”
The team tested different genetic variants of the virus’s spike protein, the part that allows it to infect host cells, to measure the protein’s stability and to see how well it binds to a receptor on host cells and to neutralizing antibodies.
Earlier in the year, McLellan and colleagues, in collaboration with researchers at the National Institutes of Health, developed the first 3D map of the coronavirus spike protein for an innovation that now factors into several leading vaccine candidates’ designs.
The researchers found that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced to the Houston area many times, independently, from diverse geographic regions, with virus strains from Europe, Asia, South America, and elsewhere in the United States. There was widespread community dissemination soon after reports in Houston of COVID-19 cases.
Funding came from the Fondren Foundation, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Welch Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Source: University of Texas at Austin
