Increased blood flow to the brain after a microstroke doesn’t mean that part of the brain has recovered, according to a new study with rodents. At least not yet.
Researchers used advanced neural monitoring technology to discover a significant disconnect between how long it takes blood flow and brain function to recover in the region of a microinfarct, a tiny stroke in tissue less than 1 millimeter in size.
The study shows “a pronounced neurovascular dissociation that occurs immediately after microstrokes, becomes the most severe a few days after, lasts into chronic periods, and varies with the level of ischemia,” the researchers write.
The study in rodent models revealed the restoration of blood flow in the brain occurs first, followed by restoration of neuronal electrical activity. The researchers observed that neuronal recovery could take weeks even for small strokes, and possibly longer for larger strokes.
The study required implants and instrumentation designed to monitor both blood flow and brain activity simultaneously before, during, and after the onset of strokes.
“This started with the device,” says Lan Luan, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at Rice University’s Brown School of Engineering who developed a flexible neural electrode with coauthor Chong Xie while both were at the University of Texas at Austin. “That was my transition from being trained as a material physicist to neuroengineering.
“As soon as we had the electrodes, I wanted to use them to understand brain functions and dysfunctions in a domain that was difficult to probe with previous technology,” she says. “The electrodes are extremely flexible and well suited to be combined with optical imaging in exactly the same brain regions.”
The researchers combined the electrodes with optical lines able to measure blood flow by recording laser speckle patterns. The combined data, gathered for as long as eight weeks, gave the researchers an accurate comparison between blood flow and electrical activity.
“The strokes we focus on are so small that when they happen, it’s very hard to detect them from behavioral measures,” Luan says. “We would not easily see impairment in animal locomotion, meaning the animal could walk away just fine, from a lay perspective.
“The implications in humans are similar,” she says. “These microinfarcts can occur spontaneously, especially in aged populations. Because they’re so tiny, it’s not like you’re having a stroke. You will not notice it at all. But it has been long hypothesized that it’s related to vascular dementia.”
The neurological impact of individual microstrokes is largely unknown, Luan says. “That’s what motivated us to set up a series of experiments to really directly measure the impacts of those extremely small-scale injuries.”
While the study would be hard to replicate in humans, the implications could improve diagnoses of patients who suffer microinfarcts.
“There are a lot of similarities in neurovascular coupling in rodent models and in humans,” she says. “What we observed in rodents likely has a similar signature in humans, and I hope that can be of use to clinicians.”
“We’re interested in knowing not just how a single microinfarct would alter neural activity but also, cumulatively, whether the effect of multiple microinfarcts that occur at different times would be stronger or weaker than the sum of the individuals,” she says.
The paper appears in Science Advances. Additional coauthors are from the University of Texas at Austin and Rice.
The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; the Welch Foundation; and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research provided additional support.
Source: Rice University
