A new study links long-term use of proton pump inhibitors to fatal cases of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and upper gastrointestinal cancer.
Past research has linked extended use of these drugs, which treat heartburn, ulcers, and acid reflux, with an increased risk of premature death. However, little has been known about the specific causes of death attributed to the drugs.
More than 15 million Americans have prescriptions for PPIs. Further, many millions more purchase the drugs over the counter and take them without being under a doctor’s care and often indefinitely.
PPIs—for sale under brand names such as Prevacid, Prilosec, Nexium, and Protonix—bring relief by reducing gastric acid. PPIs are among the most commonly used classes of drugs in the United States.
The researchers also found that such risk increases with the duration of PPI use, even when the drugs are taken at low doses. The study appears in BMJ.
“Taking PPIs over many months or years is not safe, and now we have a clearer picture of the health conditions associated with long-term PPI use,” says senior author Ziyad Al-Aly, assistant professor of medicine at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He has led several studies associating PPIs to chronic kidney disease and an increased risk of death.
Other researchers independently have linked PPIs to adverse health problems such as dementia, bone fractures, heart disease, and pneumonia, among others.
‘Thousands of excess deaths’
For the study, researchers sifted through de-identified medical records in a database that the US Department of Veterans Affairs maintains. Examining medical data acquired from July 2002 to June 2004, the researchers identified 157,625 people—mostly white men ages 65 and older—who had new prescriptions for PPIs, and 56,842 people who had new prescriptions for another class of acid-suppression drugs known as H2 blockers. They followed the patients—214,467 in total—for up to 10 years.
More than half of the people taking PPIs did so without a medical need.
The researchers found a 17 percent increased risk of death in the PPI group compared with the H2 blocker group. They calculated 45 excess deaths attributable to long-term PPI use per 1,000 people. Death rates for PPIs were 387 per 1,000 people, and death rates for H2 blockers were 342 per 1,000.
“Given the millions of people who take PPIs regularly, this translates into thousands of excess deaths every year,” says Al-Aly, a nephrologist and clinical epidemiologist.
PPI use was associated with deaths caused by cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and upper gastrointestinal cancer. Specifically, 15 per 1,000 of the PPI users died from heart disease, four per 1,000 from chronic kidney disease, and two per 1,000 from stomach cancer. Death rates due to cardiovascular disease were 88 among the PPI group and 73 among the H2 blockers group. For stomach cancer, death rates were six in the PPI group and four in the H2 blockers group. Death rates due to chronic kidney disease were eight and four in the PPI and H2 blocker groups, respectively.
Overuse of proton pump inhibitors
Additionally, the study found that more than half of the people taking PPIs did so without a medical need, although the data did not indicate why the patients had been prescribed PPIs. Among this group, PPIs-related deaths were more common, with almost 23 people per 1,000 dying from heart disease, almost five per 1,000 from chronic kidney disease, and three from stomach cancer.
“Most alarming to me is that serious harm may be experienced by people who are on PPIs but may not need them,” Al-Aly says. “Overuse is not devoid of harm.”
The study also found that more than 80 percent of PPI users were on low doses of the prescription drug, or those equivalent to doses offered in over-the-counter versions. “This suggests the risk may not be limited to prescription PPIs, but it also may occur at over-the-counter doses,” he says.
FDA action?
The US Food and Drug Administration has expressed interest in data presented by Al-Aly’s research team. “PPIs sold over the counter should have a clearer warning about potential for significant health risks, as well as a clearer warning about the need to limit length of use, generally not to exceed 14 days,” he says. “People who feel the need to take over-the-counter PPIs longer than this need to see their doctors.”
Al-Aly’s research team will continue to study adverse health effects related to PPIs, in particular regarding those at the highest risk.
“A lot of people may be taking PPIs unnecessarily,” Al-Aly adds. “These people may be exposed to potential harm when it is unlikely the drugs are benefiting their health. Our study suggests the need to avoid PPIs when not medically necessary. For those who have a medical need, PPI use should be limited to the lowest effective dose and shortest duration possible.”
The US Department of Veterans Affairs and the Institute for Public Health at Washington University School of Medicine funded the work.
