Some parts of the Western United States have had a 41 percent reduction in the yearly maximum mass of snow since 1982.
Researchers have mapped the changes in snow mass from 1982 to 2016 onto a grid of squares 2.5-miles on a side over the entire contiguous US.
A person could practically find the trend for their neighborhood, says first author Xubin Zeng, professor of hydrology and atmospheric sciences at the University of Arizona. Grid size for previous studies was about 40 miles on a side, he says.
“This is the first time anyone has assessed the trend over the US at the 2.5-mile by 2.5-mile pixel level over the 35-year period from 1982 to 2016,” Zeng says. “The annual maximum snow mass over the Western US is decreasing.”
In the Eastern US, the researchers found very little decrease in snow mass.
Even in snowy regions of the West, most of the squares did not have a significant decrease in snow. “The big decreases are more often in the mountainous areas that are important for water supplies in the West,” says coauthor Patrick Broxton.
Snow mass
Snow mass is how much water it contains, which is important in regions where winter snows and subsequent snow melt contribute substantially to water resources. Snow melt contributes to groundwater and to surface water sources such as the Colorado River.
Snow is also important for winter sports and the associated tourism, which is a multi-billion-dollar industry in the US.
If all the squares in the Western US that had a 41 percent reduction in snow mass were added up, the combined area would be equal in size to South Carolina, says Zeng. He and his team looked at the interannual and multidecadal changes in snow mass for the contiguous US.
Zeng’s team also found over the period 1982-2016, the snow season shrank by 34 days on average for squares that, if combined, would equal the size of Virginia.
“The shortening of the snow season can be a late start or early ending or both,” Zeng says. “Over the Western US an early ending is the primary reason. In contrast, in the Eastern US the primary driver is a late beginning.”
Temperature and precipitation during the snow season also have different effects in the West compared with the East, the researchers found.
In the West, the average temperature and accumulated precipitation for the season drive the multidecadal changes in snow. Temperature is the primary driver of changes in the Eastern US.
Satellite measurements
Previous estimates of interannual-to-multidecadal changes in snow mass used on-the-ground, or point, measurements of snow height and snow mass at specific stations throughout the contiguous US.
One such network of data is the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program (COOP), in which more than 10,000 volunteers take daily weather observations at specific sites throughout the US.
The other is the US Department of Agriculture’s Snowpack Telemetry, or SNOTEL, network, an automated system that collects snowpack and other climatic data in the mountains of the Western US. However, for many locations, such measurements are unavailable.
Zeng and his colleagues used an innovative method to combine data collected by COOP and SNOTEL with a third data set called PRISM that gives temperature and precipitation data over all of the lower 48 states and is also based on on-the-ground measurements.
The result is a new data set that provides daily information about snow mass and snow depth from 1982 to the present for the entire contiguous US.
Developing the new dataset has allowed the research team to examine the changes in temperature, precipitation, and snow mass from 1982 to 2016 for every 2.5-mile by 2.5-mile square in the contiguous US, as well as to study how snow can affect weather and climate.
“Snow is so reflective that it reflects a lot of the sunlight away from the ground. That affects air temperature and heat and moisture exchanges between the ground and the atmosphere,” says Broxton, an associate research scientist in the University of Arizona School of Natural Resources and the Environment.
Zeng is now working with NASA to figure out a way to use satellite measurements to estimate snow mass and snow depth.
The paper by Zeng, Broxton, and coauthor Nick Dawson of the Idaho Power Company in Boise, Idaho, appears in Geophysical Research Letters. NASA and the UA’s Agnese Nelms Haury Program in Environment and Social Justice funded the research.
Source: University of Arizona
