It’s time to add language to the list of skills that constitute “kindergarten readiness,” a new study suggests.
Research shows that the more skills children bring with them to kindergarten—in basic math, reading, even friendship and cooperation—the more likely they will succeed in those same areas in school. But not only does a child’s use of vocabulary and grammar predict future proficiency with the spoken and written word, but it also affects performance in other subject areas.
“Why do kids succeed in math, for example? Part of it could be having a strong math vocabulary.”
Language, in other words, supports academic and social success, says Amy Pace, an assistant professor in the University of Washington’s department of speech and hearing sciences.
“A lot of other research focuses on math, science, and literacy, and they don’t even consider that language could be playing a role,” she says. “But really, it emerges as a strong predictor across subject areas. Why do kids succeed in math, for example? Part of it could be having a strong math vocabulary.”
The study was the first to look at a comprehensive set of school readiness skills and to try to determine which, of all of them, is the most solid predictor of a child’s later success. Language—the ability to fluidly learn words and to string them together into sentences—was the hands-down winner, says coauthor Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, director of the Infant Language Laboratory at Temple University.
For this study, published in Early Childhood Research Quarterly, Pace and colleagues examined longitudinal data from more than 1,200 children in the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. That study used several measures of academic and social skills at specific ages and grade levels, including evaluations upon entry to kindergarten and in grades 1, 3, and 5.
While there is considerable research on how children develop specific skills over time, much of that research focuses on patterns of learning within a single subject area, like math or reading.
Researchers in the new study wanted to determine whether there are relationships between skills when considered in combination, and to think about how these combined abilities might predict gains, or growth, above what might be expected based on the skills the child demonstrates when they first enter a kindergarten classroom.
The team analyzed academic and behavioral assessments, assigned standardized scores, and looked at how scores correlated in grades 1, 3, and 5. Growth curve modeling allowed the team to look at children’s levels of performance across time and investigate rates of change at specific times in elementary school.
Researchers found that of the skills and milestones evaluated—social/emotional, attention, health, reading, math, and language—only language skills, when a child entered school, predicted his or her performance both within that subject area and most others (math, reading, and social skills) from first through fifth grade. Reading ability in kindergarten predicted reading, math, and language skills later on; math proficiency correlated with math and reading performance over time.
Language and literacy aren’t the same
People often confuse language with literacy, Pace says.
“If you’re stronger in language, you will be able to communicate with peers and teachers.”
Reading skills include the ability to decode letter and sound combinations to pronounce words, and to comprehend word meanings and contexts. Language is the ability to deploy those words and use complex syntax and grammar to communicate in speech and writing. And that’s why it has such potential to affect other areas of development, Pace says. At a time when so much focus is on math and science education, it is language that deserves attention, too.
“It provides a foundation for social interaction. If you’re stronger in language, you will be able to communicate with peers and teachers,” she says. “Language also relates to executive functioning, the ability to understand and follow through on the four-step directions from the teacher. And it helps solve problems in math and science, because understanding terminology and abstract concepts relies on a knowledge of language.”
For example, language ability at school entry not only predicted language proficiency through fifth grade as expected, but also predicted growth in literacy between grades 1 and 3, and a similar amount of growth between grades 3 and 5. In effect, language gave children a boost to help them learn more than researchers might have predicted based on the children’s performance at school entry.
Seeing the ‘whole child’
Measuring the impact of one skill on another, in addition to measuring growth in the same skill, provides more of a “whole child” perspective, Pace says. A child who enters school with little exposure to number sense or spatial concepts but with strong social skills may benefit from that emotional buffer.
“If we look at just a very narrow slice of a child’s ability, it may be predictive of ability in that area, but it’s not necessarily a good prognosticator of what’s to come overall for that child,” she says.
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Researchers expected to find that the effects of kindergarten readiness would wear off by third grade, the time when elementary school curriculum transitions from introducing foundational skills to helping students apply those skills as they delve deeper into content areas. But according to the study, children’s performance in kindergarten continues to predict their performance in grades three through five. This was consistent for multiple skill areas, including language, math, and reading, and suggests that bolstering children’s development in those first five years is essential for long-term academic success.
What should change?
A few findings merit further study, Pace adds, especially as they relate to educational policy. For example, children who entered kindergarten with higher levels of skills appeared to make fewer developmental and academic gains than those children who started at lower levels. That is consistent with other research, but, Pace says, it’s worth examining how to better serve high-performing students.
The study also represents an opportunity to rethink what skills are considered measures of kindergarten-readiness, she says.
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“Language ability at school entry consistently emerges as an important predictor of student outcomes. This may be why the first three to five years are so critical for future academic and social development,” Pace says. “It is the child’s earliest, high-quality interactions with parents, teachers, and caregivers that promote a strong communication foundation—and this foundation goes on to serve as the bedrock for future language and learning.”
The original Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development received funding from the National Institutes of Child Health and Development. Additional coauthors of the new study are from Temple University, the University of North Carolina, and the University of Delaware.
Source: University of Washington
