One in five patients who undergo one of the most popular weight-loss surgical procedures are likely to develop problems with alcohol, report researchers, who found that symptoms sometimes didn’t appear until years after the surgery.
The findings indicate that bariatric surgery patients should receive long-term clinical follow-up to monitor for and treat alcohol use disorder, which includes alcohol abuse and dependence.
“We knew there was an increase in the number of people experiencing problems with alcohol within the first two years of surgery, but we didn’t expect the number of affected patients to continue to grow throughout seven years of follow-up,” says lead author Wendy C. King, associate professor of epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health.
Starting in 2006, King and colleagues followed more than 2,000 patients participating in the National Institutes of Health-funded Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 (LABS-2), a prospective observational study of patients undergoing weight-loss surgery at one of 10 hospitals across the United States.
They discovered that 20.8 percent of participants developed symptoms of alcohol use disorder within five years of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). In contrast, only 11.3 percent of patients who underwent gastric banding reported problem alcohol use.
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RYGB, a surgical procedure that significantly reduces the size of the stomach and changes connections with the small intestine, was the most popular procedure, with 1,481 participants receiving it. The majority of the remaining participants, 522 people, had a less invasive procedure—laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding—where the surgeon inserts an adjustable band around the patient’s stomach, lessening the amount of food the stomach can hold. That procedure has become less popular in recent years because it doesn’t result in as much weight loss as RYGB.
Both groups increased their alcohol consumption over the seven years of the study; however, there was only an increase in the prevalence of alcohol use disorder symptoms, as measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, following RYGB. Among patients without alcohol problems in the year prior to surgery, RYGB patients had more than double the risk of developing alcohol problems over seven years compared to those who had gastric banding.
“Because alcohol problems may not appear for several years, it is important that doctors routinely ask patients with a history of bariatric surgery about their alcohol consumption and whether they are experiencing symptoms of alcohol use disorder, and are prepared to refer them to treatment,” King says.
The American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery currently recommends that patients be screened for alcohol use disorder before surgery and be made aware of the risk of developing the disorder after surgery. Additionally, the society recommends that high-risk groups be advised to eliminate alcohol consumption following RYGB. However, given the data, King suggests that those who undergo RYGB are a high-risk group, due to the surgery alone.
The study, published in the journal Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, was not designed to determine the reason for the difference in risk of alcohol use disorder between surgical procedures, but previous studies indicate that, compared with banding, RYGB is associated with higher and quicker elevation of alcohol in the blood. Additionally, some animal studies suggest that RYGB may increases alcohol reward sensitivity via changes in genetic expression and the hormone system affecting the areas of the brain associated with reward.
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In addition to RYGB, the LABS-2 study identified several personal characteristics that put patients at increased risk for developing problems with alcohol, including being male and younger, and having less of a social support system. Getting divorced, a worsening in mental health post-surgery, and increasing alcohol consumption to at least twice a week also were associated with a higher risk of alcohol use disorder symptoms.
Although RYGB patients were nearly four times as likely to report having received substance use disorder treatment compared with banding patients, relatively few study participants reported such treatment. Overall, 3.5 percent of RYGB patients reported getting substance use disorder treatment, far less than the 21 percent of patients reporting alcohol problems.
“This indicates that treatment programs are underutilized by bariatric surgery patients with alcohol problems,” King says. “That’s particularly troubling given the availability of effective treatments.”
Other researchers from the University of Pittsburgh, and from Weill Cornell Medical College; the Neuropsychiatric Research Institute in Fargo, North Dakota; the University of Washington; Duquesne University; the Oregon Health Sciences University; East Carolina University; North Dakota State University; and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases are coauthors of the study.
Source: University of Pittsburgh
