The cooler temperatures on early Earth mean that conditions for life were much easier, and that life that did exist at the time was not under as much stress as previously believed. Geobiologist Mike Tice says the situation could be compared to the geysers currently found in Yellowstone National Park. The hundreds of hot spring pools in the park, such as the one pictured above, vary considerably in temperature.

STANFORD/TEXAS A&M/YALE—Billions of years ago, the Earth’s climate was far cooler—perhaps by more than 50 degrees than previously believed—which could mean conditions were more conducive for life all over the planet, new findings suggests.

A team of researchers examined rocks from the Buck Reef Chert in South Africa that are known to be about 3.4 billion years old, among the oldest ever discovered, and found features in them that are consistent with formation at water temperatures significantly lower than previous studies had suggested.

“Our research shows that the water temperature 3.4 billion years ago was at most 105 degrees, and while that’s potentially very warm, it’s far below the temperatures of 155 degrees or more that previous research has implied,” explains Mike Tice, a researcher in the department of geology and geophysics at Texas A&M University who specializes in geobiology.

The cooler temperatures mean that conditions for life were much easier, and that life that did exist at the time was not under as much stress as previously believed.

Tice says the situation could be compared to the geysers currently found in Yellowstone National Park.

The hundreds of hot spring pools in the park vary considerably in temperature, although all of them range from very warm to extremely hot. Water in the pools that is farthest from the center is cooler, and this is shown in the varied colors—from pink to light green, orange and dark green colors, he says.

When water temperatures fall to below 163 degrees or so, close to the high temperatures previously hypothesized for the early ocean, communities of green photosynthetic bacteria begin to grow on the pool floor.

These communities become thicker as water temperature continues to drop off away from the pool centers.

“There is life even in the hottest water, and microbes there have evolved to grow in those harsh conditions. But there is even more life present in the cooler waters,” he notes.

“We think this is similar to what conditions might have been like billions of years ago.”

Tice says the new findings could open doors for new ways to look at Earth’s early history, especially life forms that existed billions of years ago.

“We know life was around that long ago, but these findings show that the very stressful conditions for life to exist may not have been as stressful as we had thought,” he notes.

“It means more organisms may have been around that were not necessarily heat-loving ones. The findings could give us a better understanding of how life evolved and maybe give us some clues about the long-term history of Earth’s climate and atmosphere.”

Researchers from Yale and Stanford contributed to the study, which was published in Nature magazine.

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