Researchers have created a test to determine whether Honeycrisp apples will develop bitter pit disorder, which shows up weeks or months after picking.
Detecting the disorder earlier could potentially save millions of dollars annually in wasted fruit.
While Honeycrisp is not yet the most popular apple in the US, trailing Gala and Fuji in sales, more Honeycrisp trees have been planted in recent years than other varieties, according to researcher Rich Marini, a professor of horticulture at the Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. That is because consumers prefer Honeycrisps and they typically wholesale for 30 to 40 cents more a pound than other varieties, he says.
Developed in the 1960s and introduced to the market in the 1990s by the University of Minnesota, the flesh of Honeycrisp is crunchier than other apples—and the snap from a bite releases a burst of flavor, Marini points out. However, that quality comes at a price because the variety is extremely susceptible to bitter pit, which is induced in the fruit by a calcium deficiency.
The “corky” brown spots under the skin caused by the disorder usually do not develop until long after healthy-appearing fruit is put into storage by growers. In most cases, if they had known their apples would develop bitter pit, the growers would sell them immediately, before the disorder showed up.
“The apple looks good,” says Marini. “You put it in cold storage for three or four months and take it out and it still looks good. You put it in room temperature for a few days and bitter pit develops. Only then do you see it.”
Signs of trouble
The team conducted the study over three years in six high-density Honeycrisp blocks. They looked in orchards with varying histories of bitter pit incidence in Adams County, Pennsylvania. The researchers determined that the disorder is associated with low calcium levels in fruit peels.
Researchers also frequently saw the disorder when peels contained high ratios of nitrogen, potassium, and/or magnesium to calcium, indicating an imbalance of minerals. Researchers most frequently saw bitter pit in fast-growing trees with excessive terminal shoot length.
To assess whether apples will develop bitter pit, researchers air-dried peels and ground them into a fine powder, which they analyzed for the calcium level. If the calcium level is low, it is a strong indicator bitter pit will develop in storage.
It is important for growers to know which apples can be stored, Marini explains, because the market can only handle so much fruit at harvest time. The growers like to be able to store some and spread out the sales during the year.
“The growers would like to know—what’s the probability that their fruit is going to develop bitter pit in storage?” he says. “Depending on the probability of developing bitter pit, they can sell their fruit immediately and avoid the problem. So, we are hoping that they can use the information generated by this research to decide which fruit they should sell immediately and which fruit they should put into storage.”
In 2016, the final year of the study, researchers found that nearly three out of four—74 percent—Honeycrisp apples in the orchards developed bitter pit and were down-graded. In average years in Pennsylvania, about 23 percent of Honeycrisp apples end up with bitter pit. The severity of bitter pit’s impact on Honeycrisp production is what convinced research team member Tara Baugher, a tree fruit specialist from Penn State Extension, to initiate the study.
Calcium sprays
Hot, dry conditions promote the disorder, she explains. In years when the disorder is most common, such as 2016, symptoms of the disorder are apparent even on some apples on trees. Bitter pit management in the orchard is central to prevention of the disorder but is not always effective, according to Baugher. Growers spray trees with calcium nutrient sprays six to eight times during a growing season.
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“Sampling fruit three weeks before harvest gives the analytical laboratory time to send fruit analysis reports to growers and packers before harvest, and research showed no differences in nutrient levels between fruit peels sampled at harvest versus three weeks before harvest,” she says.
Marini believes the study has huge implications throughout the Northeast. New York and Pennsylvania are among the leading apple-growing states in the country. “We don’t know if it’s relevant to the West Coast, because their growing conditions are so different,” he says. “The study’s findings could lead to millions of dollars a year for apple growers in fruit that is not wasted.”
The researchers report their findings in the journal HortScience.
James Schupp, a professor of pomology at Penn State’s Fruit Research and Extension Center at Biglerville, and Christopher Watkins, a professor of horticulture in the School of Integrated Plant Science at Cornell University also contributed to the research.
The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania supported this work.
Source: Penn State
